Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Environ Econ Manage. 2022 Jul 6;115:102696. doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102696

Table 6:

The relationship between resource development and non-drug overdose “Deaths of Despair”

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Non-Drug Overdose Suicides Alcohol Overdoses

# of operating coal mines (in 10s) −0.660* (0.392) −0.664* (0.403) −0.0751 (0.108) −0.122 (0.102)
# of horizontal oil and gas wells (in 100s) 0.439* (0.250) 0.320 (0.236) 0.00607 (0.0384) 0.0348 (0.0381)
# of operating coal mines (in 10s), 0 < X ≤ 25 miles 0.192 (0.221) 0.311 (0.232) 0.0159 (0.0478) 0.0118 (0.0492)
# of operating coal mines (in 10s), 25 < X ≤ 50 miles −0.142 (0.149) −0.0862 (0.172) −0.0107 (0.0290) 0.000871 (0.0306)
# of horizontal O&G wells (in 100s), 0 < X ≤ 25 miles −0.113 (0.0828) −0.109 (0.0827) −0.00130 (0.0159) −0.000141 (0.0159)
# of horizontal O&G wells (in 100s), 25 < X ≤ 50 miles 0.0823 (0.0573) 0.0590 (0.0622) 0.00826 (0.0126) 0.00561 (0.0132)
# of observations 27,384 27,384 32,844 32,844
R-squared 0.380 0.404 0.164 0.207

State * Year FE X X X X
All U.S. <= 100 miles from shale/coal basins X X X X

Notes: In this table, we display results of models connecting resource development with mortality associated with non-drug overdose “Deaths of Despair” (rates measured per 100,000 people). In Column 1, our outcome variable is the county’s non-drug overdose suicide rate. In Column 2, our outcome variable is the county’s alcohol overdose rate. All models include county fixed effects, year fixed effects, and interactions between a year vector and the initial mortality rate to control for pre-coal bust and pre-shale boom differences in mortality rates. Statistical significance: 1% level, ***; 5% level, **; and 10% level, *.