Table 4. Examples of Repurposed Drugs for PCA with Their Strategies for Repurposing.

Drug Name	Original Indication	Postulated Antitumor Mechanisms	Methods Used for Repurposing	Methods Used for Validation	Refs
Naftopidil	α-Blocking activity	-Inhibits prostate tumor growth	Theoretical	In vivo	(76)
		-Inhibits phosphorylation Akt		In vitro
Niclosamide	Antihelminthic	-Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition	Theoretical	In vitro	(77)
		-Induces low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP6) degradation
Ormeloxifene	EMR	-Inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and β-catenin signaling	Theoretical	In vitro	(78)
		-Inhibits growth and metastasis of prostate tumor		In silico
				In vivo
Nelfinavir	Antiretroviral	-Suppression of regulated membrane proteolysis	Theoretical	In vitro	(79)
		-Inhibit cancer cell proliferation		In silico
		-Apoptosis inducer in PCA
Glipizide	Hypoglycemic activity	-Inhibit angiogenesis	Theoretical	In vivo	(80)
Ferroquine	Antimalarial	-Negatively regulate HIF-1α and Akt kinase	Theoretical	In vivo	(81)
		-Inhibiting autophagy		In vitro
Nitroxoline	Antibacterial	-AMPK-mediated autophagy induction	Theoretical	In vitro	(82)
		-Cell cycle arrest (G1), followed by apoptosis
Triclosan	Antibacterial	-Blocks the enoyl reductase	Practical	In vitro	(83)
		-Suppression of fatty acid synthase (FASN)
Clofoctol	Antibacterial	-Cell cycle arrest (G1) in PCA cells	Practical	In vivo	(84)
		-Activation of UPR pathways		In vitro
Risperidone	Antipsychotic	-Inhibits 17HSD10	Computer modeling/simulation	In vivo	(85)
				In vitro
				In silico
Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory	-ERG modulator	Computer modeling/simulation	In vitro	(86)
				In silico
Zenarestat	Aldose reductase inhibitor	-Antagonistic activity for NF-κB pathway	Computer modeling/simulation		(87)