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. 2023 Jan 12;23:92. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15017-y

Table 1.

Descriptive statistic of participants (n = 75,970)

Participants
Characteristics
Health Insurance Ownership P-value
Uninsured
(n = 24,534)
Government-run
(n = 50,233)
Private-run
(n = 938)
Government-run and Private-run
(n = 265)
Hospital utilization  < 0.001
 Unutilized 98.6% 94.3% 93.9% 87.3%
 Utilized 1.4% 5.7% 6.1% 12.7%
Age (mean) (39.47) (40.71) (35.55) (37.75)  < 0.001
Gender
 Male 49.2% 48.4% 51.5% 52.7%
 Female 50.8% 51.6% 48.5% 47.3%
Marital status  < 0.001
 Never in union 22.9% 23.6% 20.9% 23.0%
 Married/living with a partner 67.6% 67.1% 75.2% 67.2%
 Divorced/Widowed 9.5% 9.2% 3.9% 9.8%
Education level  < 0.001
 No education 6.0% 6.5% 1.0% 4.6%
 Primary 65.9% 66.6% 40.3% 48.6%
 Secondary 25.5% 24.4% 52.8% 43.9%
 Higher 2.6% 2.6% 5.8% 2.9%
Work type  < 0.001
 No job 42.6% 42.6% 32.9% 26.0%
 Civil servant/army/police 0.3% 0.7% 1.6% 2.1%
 Private sector 6.2% 7.7% 29.8% 32.4%
 Entrepreneur 16.9% 13.8% 11.7% 11.3%
 Farmer/fisherman/labor 28.1% 29.8% 18.9% 23.7%
 Others 5.8% 5.4% 5.0% 4.4%