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. 2023 Jan 12;16:5. doi: 10.1186/s13041-023-00997-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Circadian rhythm and stress response system interactions. The circadian central clock regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via projections from SCN that are sent into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus. Stress prompts the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. CRH then stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Stress response factors, such as glucocorticoids, CRH, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are secreted rhythmically as signaled by the adrenal cortex whose sensitivity to ACTH is under circadian control. Local adrenal clocks also contribute to the rhythmic secretions and utilize BMAL1 to regulate steroidogenesis. Elevated levels of glucocorticoids due to stress can negatively impact the circadian central clock and dysregulate peripheral clocks. Created with BioRender.com