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. 2023 Jan 12;21:12. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01768-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Uptake analysis. a Confocal images showing H69AR cells treated with the nanodrug. In H69AR cells, increased uptake of nanodrugs was confirmed. The scale bar is 75 μm. b Confocal images showing H69AR cells treated with the nanodrug and different types of uptake channel inhibitors were treated to examine uptake channels. All tested uptake pathways were identified (major: caveolae-mediated endocytosis, minor: macropinocytosis-mediated and clathrin-mediated endocytosis). The scale bar is 75 μm. c Florescence intensity (nuclear DOX uptake) analysis of H69AR cells treated with free DOX and the nanodrug. d Fluorescence intensity analysis of H69AR cells for comparison of major intracellular uptake pathways by the nanodrug. Caveolin channel was the most significant uptake channel compared to clathrin and macropinocytosis. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001