Table 2.

Latest investigations on inorganic NPs-based therapeutic approaches for skin cancer

Type	Therapeutic agent	Particle size	In vitro cytotoxicity study	Animal model	Route of administration	Ref
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Stimulator of interferon genes (STING)	80 nm (particle size)/ 5–10 nm (pore size)	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice	Intratumoral	[216]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	JQ-1 (immunotherapy)/ Polydopamine (PTT)	174.0 ± 2.4 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing male C57BL/6 mice	Intratumoral	[217]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Axitinib/ sgPD-L1/ CRISPR/Cas9	135 ± 8.7 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing female C57BL/6 mice	Intravenous	[218]
Carbon nanotubes	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PTT)	3–15 nm (walls)/ 5–20 nm (outer diameter)/ 1–10 µm (length)	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing female C57BL/6 J mice	Intravenous	[219]
Carbon nanotubes	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Nanocyl™ NC3100)	9.5 nm (diameter)/ 1.5 µm (length)	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Mice	Intratumoral	[220]
Carbon nanotubes	Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide/ Anti-CD40 Ig/ Ovalbumin	20–30 nm (diameter)/ 0.5–2 µm (length)	-	Melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice	Intravenous	[221]
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	154.41–172.89 nm	Human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431)/ Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT)	-	-	[222]
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	10–20 nm	Human melanoma cell line (A375)	-	-	[223]
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	50 nm	Human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431)	-	-	[224]
Gold nanoparticles	Gold nanoparticles/ HuAL1 and C7H2 peptides	270 ± 22 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)/ Human foreskin fibroblast cell line (Hs68)	Melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice	-	[225]
Gold nanoparticles	Gold nanoparticles (PTT)	157 ± 5 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) hairless mice (Xenograft-A375)	Intratumoral	[226]
Gold nanoparticles	Gold-iron oxide nanoparticles	37.8 nm	-	Melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice	Intravenous	[227]
Gold nanoparticles	Cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide/ CSIINFEKL (peptide-based tumor antigen vaccine)	146.30 ± 1.93 nm	-	Melanoma-bearing female C57BL/6 mice	Intravenous	[228]
Silver nanoparticles	Silver nanoparticles (PTT)	100 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing athymic nude mice	Topical	[229]
Silver nanoparticles	Silver nanoparticles	35 ± 15 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing male C57BL/6 J mice	Subcutaneous	[230]
Silver nanoparticles	Silver nanoparticles/ Salmonella	15 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing BALB/c mice	Intravenous	[231]
Silver nanoparticles	Silver nanoparticles/ Indocyanine green (PTT)	131.5 ± 2.7 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing athymic nude mice	Intravenous	[232]
Cerium oxide nanoparticles	Cerium oxide nanoparticles	5 nm	Human melanoma cell line (A375)	Melanoma-bearing athymic nude mice (Xenograft-A375)	Intraperitoneal	[233]
Platinum nanoparticles	Iron-platinum nanoparticles/ 5-Fluorouracil	6 ± 1 nm	Human skin fibroblasts cell line/ Human basal-cell carcinoma cell line	-	Topical	[234]
Platinum nanoparticles	Platinum nanoparticles (PTT)	12.2 ± 0.7 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	-	-	[235]
Copper nanoparticles	Copper nanoparticles	60–80 nm	Human melanoma cell line (A375)	-	-	[236]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (PDT)	20–90 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	-	-	[237]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	Titanium dioxide nanoparticles/ Gold nanoclusters/ Graphene (PDT)	206–384 nm	Mice melanoma cell line (B16F10)	Melanoma-bearing female BALB/c athymic nude mice	Intravenous/ Intratumoral	[238]