TABLE 2.
Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of ARI‐participant encounters, by laboratory multiplex assay‐confirmed influenza result and rapid influenza molecular test result, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 influenza seasons
| Variable | All lab‐confirmed influenza results | All rapid‐test‐confirmed influenza results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive (n = 51) | Negative (n = 1232) | Overall (N = 1283) | Positive (n = 21) | Negative (n = 248) | Overall (N = 269) | |
| Age, median [IQR] | 28.0 [34.0] | 46.0 [25.0] | 45.0 [24.0] | 19.0 [26.0] | 45.0 [27.0] | 43.0 [28.0] |
| Age group | ||||||
| 3 months to 4 years | 9 (17.6%) | 53 (4.30%) | 62 (4.83%) | 8 (38.1%) | 13 (5.24%) | 21 (7.81%) |
| 5–11 years | 5 (9.80%) | 24 (1.95%) | 29 (2.26%) | 1 (4.76%) | 11 (4.44%) | 12 (4.46%) |
| 12–17 years | 1 (1.96%) | 14 (1.14%) | 15 (1.17%) | 1 (4.76%) | 5 (2.02%) | 6 (2.23%) |
| 18–49 years | 28 (54.9%) | 603 (48.9%) | 631 (49.2%) | 7 (33.3%) | 134 (54.0%) | 141 (52.4%) |
| 50–64 years | 6 (11.8%) | 479 (38.9%) | 485 (37.8%) | 4 (19.0%) | 80 (32.3%) | 84 (31.2%) |
| ≥65 years | 2 (3.92%) | 59 (4.79%) | 61 (4.75%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (2.02%) | 5 (1.86%) |
| Male sex | 31 (60.8%) | 847 (69.5%) | 878 (69.1%) | 10 (47.6%) | 159 (65.2%) | 169 (63.8%) |
| Race | ||||||
| American Indian and Alaskan Native | 1 (2.00%) | 37 (3.40%) | 38 (3.34%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (2.74%) | 6 (2.50%) |
| Asian | 0 (0%) | 23 (2.11%) | 23 (2.02%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.83%) | 4 (1.67%) |
| Black/African American | 19 (38.0%) | 300 (27.6%) | 319 (28.0%) | 8 (38.1%) | 56 (25.6%) | 64 (26.7%) |
| Multiple | 3 (6.00%) | 146 (13.4%) | 149 (13.1%) | 2 (9.52%) | 14 (6.39%) | 16 (6.67%) |
| Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander | 0 (0%) | 17 (1.56%) | 17 (1.49%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| White | 27 (54.0%) | 565 (51.9%) | 592 (52.0%) | 11 (52.4%) | 139 (63.5%) | 150 (62.5%) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Blood disorders (e.g., sickle cell) | 0 (0%) | 26 (2.12%) | 26 (2.03%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (2.82%) | 7 (2.60%) |
| Chronic lung disease a | 13 (23.6%) | 306 (24.9%) | 319 (24.9%) | 2 (9.52%) | 52 (21.0%) | 54 (20.1%) |
| Cancer/immunosuppression (by medication or disease) | 0 (0%) | 50 (4.07%) | 50 (3.90%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (5.24%) | 13 (4.83%) |
| Diabetes | 14 (25.5%) | 165 (13.4%) | 179 (14.0%) | 1 (4.76%) | 16 (6.45%) | 17 (6.32%) |
| Heart disease (heart failure or heart attack) | 9 (16.4%) | 62 (5.05%) | 71 (5.53%) | 1 (4.76%) | 6 (2.42%) | 7 (2.60%) |
| Liver or kidney disease | 0 (0%) | 74 (6.03%) | 74 (5.77%) | 0 (0%) | 17 (6.85%) | 17 (6.32%) |
| Influenza‐like illness (ILI) b | 23 (45.1%) | 315 (25.6%) | 338 (26.3%) | 11 (52.4%) | 65 (26.2%) | 76 (28.3%) |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Feeling feverish | 27 (52.9%) | 386 (31.3%) | 413 (32.2%) | 12 (57.1%) | 92 (37.1%) | 104 (38.7%) |
| Cough | 42 (82.4%) | 885 (71.8%) | 927 (72.3%) | 18 (85.7%) | 162 (65.3%) | 180 (66.9%) |
| Rhinorrhea | 41 (80.4%) | 945 (76.7%) | 986 (76.9%) | 19 (90.5%) | 198 (79.8%) | 217 (80.7%) |
| Chills | 17 (33.3%) | 362 (29.4%) | 379 (29.5%) | 6 (28.6%) | 72 (29.0%) | 78 (29.0%) |
| Sweats | 15 (29.4%) | 346 (28.1%) | 361 (28.1%) | 7 (33.3%) | 65 (26.2%) | 72 (26.8%) |
| Sore throat | 17 (33.3%) | 502 (40.7%) | 519 (40.5%) | 8 (38.1%) | 109 (44.0%) | 117 (43.5%) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 20 (39.2%) | 330 (26.8%) | 350 (27.3%) | 5 (23.8%) | 67 (27.0%) | 72 (26.8%) |
| Headache | 18 (35.3%) | 507 (41.2%) | 525 (40.9%) | 6 (28.6%) | 117 (47.2%) | 123 (45.7%) |
| Fatigue | 23 (45.1%) | 551 (44.7%) | 574 (44.7%) | 12 (57.1%) | 122 (49.2%) | 134 (49.8%) |
| Myalgia | 21 (41.2%) | 550 (44.6%) | 571 (44.5%) | 8 (38.1%) | 114 (46.0%) | 122 (45.4%) |
| Increased trouble breathing | 11 (21.6%) | 278 (22.6%) | 289 (22.5%) | 4 (19.0%) | 66 (26.6%) | 70 (26.0%) |
| Diarrhea c | 13 (25.5%) | 210 (17.0%) | 223 (17.4%) | 3 (14.3%) | 40 (16.1%) | 43 (16.0%) |
| Ear pain or ear discharge c | 3 (5.88%) | 130 (10.6%) | 133 (10.4%) | 1 (4.76%) | 19 (7.66%) | 20 (7.43%) |
| Symptom onset < 48 h | 32 (64.7%) | 447 (36.3%) | 480 (37.4%) | 21 (100%) | 148 (100%) | 169 (100%) |
| Sought clinical care for illness episode | 13 (25.5%) | 293 (23.8%) | 306 (23.9%) | 1 (4.76%) | 25 (10.1%) | 26 (9.67%) |
| Received an antiviral from a clinical provider for illness episode (n = 306) d | ||||||
| Yes | 4 (30.8) | 10 (3.41%) | 14 (4.58%) | NA | NA | NA |
| No | 8 (61.5%) | 273 (93.2%) | 281 (91.8%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Do not know | 1 (7.69%) | 10 (3.41%) | 11 (3.59%) | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: ARI, acute respiratory illness; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.
a
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, emphysema, asthma, or reactive airway disease.
b
Fever and cough or fever and sore throat.
c
Only eligible trigger symptoms for participants < 18 years.
d
Not applicable to participants who had a rapid test conducted as prior antiviral treatment was an exclusion criterion for receipt of the intervention.