Table 2.

Coding Scheme for Evaluative Devices (From Reilly et al., 1990)

Affective States: References to the emotional states of characters. Character Speech, Onomatopoeia, & Sound Effects: Dramatic events used to show, rather than describe, events in a story. The speech is in the manner of the character. Audience Hookers: These are exclamatory phrases that service to renew or maintain audience attention. Often accompanied by exclamatory prosody, which is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Emphatic Markers: This includes intensifiers and repetition, meaning that these aspects of story-telling are meant to emphasize a certain action or description of a character or event. Mental States: Information about the character’s behaviors; a focus on the internal states of the characters. Negatives: This device serves to define narrator perspective. Narrator indicates events or behaviors contrary to underlying expectations. Inferences and Causality: Inferring the cause or motivation for certain events, or making inferences about what is happening in a picture. This classification is for anything not in the aforementioned categories that still infers some sort of state.