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. 2022 Dec 19;22(1):e13759. doi: 10.1111/acel.13759

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Functional changes in MSCs throughout in vitro expansion. Throughout in vitro expansion of human bone marrow and umbilical cord MSCs, there is a gradual decrease in the rate of cumulative population doublings (a), in adipogenic differentiation (b), osteogenic differentiation (c) and telomere length (e), and an increase in markers of senescence (d). (a) Growth kinetics (cumulative population doublings, CPD) of bmMSCs and ucMSCs over 17 weeks of in vitro expansion (de Witte et al., 2017). (b) Quantification of Adipogenic differentiation (ORO staining); (c) quantification of osteogenic differentiation (ARS staining); (d) quantification of senescence (percent of SA‐β‐gal staining) at P4, P6, P8, P10, and P12 (e) (Wang et al., 2021). Relative telomere length detection of MSCs in P4, P6, and P12. Data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean, and statistically significant differences are represented as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with P4. n = 9 MSCs per passage. Figure created by combining data from de Witte et al. (2017) (a) and Wang et al., 2021 (b–e).