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. 2022 Dec 19;22(1):e13759. doi: 10.1111/acel.13759

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

Immunomodulatory factors secreted by MSCs throughout in vitro expansion. Several immunomodulatory factors of the MSC secretome are upregulated throughout in vitro expansion, including interleukins (IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐1a and b, IL‐13, IL‐15), chemokines (IL‐8, GRO‐a, −b, −g, MCP‐2, MCP‐4, MIP‐1a, MIP‐3a, Eoxtaxin‐3, CXCL9, CXCL10), growth factors and regulators (bFGF, HGF, KGF, VEGF, SCF, PIGF, MMP1, −3, −10), and other inflammatory factors (GM‐CSE, MIF, PGE2; Coppé et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2021). In addition to these factors, culture‐expanded cells also secrete higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative stress in neighboring cells. Another component of the secretome of in vitro expanded MSCs is an alteration in the number and composition of extracellular vesicles, specifically the profile of secreted miRNA packed within exosomes. This collection of these changes in miRNA gene expression were summarized by Potter et al. (2021). Figure created using BioRender.com.