Table 1.
Demographic, Sociobehavioral, and Clinical Characteristics Among Women's Interagency HIV Study Participants Enrolled in All Study Sites, 2013–2020, by HIV Serostatus (N = 2559)
| Participant Characteristics | Total (N = 2559), No. (%) | Women Without HIV (n = 757), No. (%)a | Women With HIV (n = 1802), No. (%)a | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.7 (9.5) | 50.6 (9.9) | 52.2 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1835 (71.7) | 544 (71.9) | 1291 (71.6) | .91 |
| Other | 724 (28.3) | 213 (28.1) | 511 (28.4) | |
| WIHS region | ||||
| New York | 728 (28.5) | 227 (30.0) | 501 (27.8) | .58 |
| Washington, D.C. | 315 (12.3) | 94 (12.4) | 221 (12.3) | |
| California | 354 (13.8) | 111 (14.7) | 243 (13.5) | |
| Illinois | 316 (12.4) | 88 (11.6) | 228 (12.7) | |
| South | 846 (33.1) | 237 (31.3) | 609 (33.8) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/partner | 623 (27.4) | 196 (30.0) | 427 (26.3) | .08 |
| Unmarried/no partner | 1654 (72.6) | 458 (70.0) | 1196 (73.7) | |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| ≤ High school graduation | 1523 (65.1) | 423 (63.0) | 1100 (66.0) | .18 |
| >High school graduation | 816 (34.9) | 248 (36.7) | 568 (34.1) | |
| Employed (full- or part-time) | ||||
| No | 1473 (63.0) | 386 (57.4) | 1087 (65.3) | <.001 |
| Yes | 864 (37.0) | 286 (42.6) | 578 (34.7) | |
| Annual household income | ||||
| ≤$24 000 | 1613 (72.1) | 434 (67.4) | 1179 (74.1) | .002 |
| >$24 000 | 623 (27.9) | 210 (32.6) | 413 (25.9) | |
| Health insurancec | ||||
| No | 108 (4.7) | 88 (13.2) | 20 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Yes | 2212 (95.3) | 580 (86.8) | 1632 (98.8) | |
| Ever jailed/incarcerated | ||||
| No | 1447 (56.6) | 393 (51.9) | 1054 (58.5) | .002 |
| Yes | 1112 (43.5) | 364 (48.1) | 748 (41.5) | |
| Ever reported physical abuse | ||||
| No | 1597 (62.4) | 436 (57.6) | 1161 (64.4) | .001 |
| Yes | 962 (37.6) | 321 (42.4) | 641 (35.6) | |
| Ever reported sex abuse | ||||
| No | 1881 (73.5) | 536 (70.8) | 1345 (74.6) | .04 |
| Yes | 678 (26.5) | 221 (29.2) | 457 (25.4) | |
| Ever had sex for drugs, money, shelter (baseline visits) | ||||
| No | 1508 (64.5) | 409 (60.9) | 1099 (65.9) | .02 |
| Yes | 831 (35.5) | 263 (39.1) | 568 (34.1) | |
| Depressive symptomsd | ||||
| No | 1613 (69.7) | 471 (70.7) | 1142 (69.3) | .51 |
| Yes | 700 (30.3) | 195 (29.3) | 505 (30.7) | |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Abstain | 1242 (53.5) | 297 (44.4) | 945 (57.1) | <.001 |
| 0–7 drinks/wk | 846 (36.4) | 274 (41.0) | 572 (34.6) | |
| >7 drinks/wk | 235 (10.1) | 98 (14.7) | 137 (8.3) | |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | 703 (30.0) | 168 (25.0) | 535 (32.1) | <.001 |
| Former | 718 (30.7) | 200 (29.8) | 518 (31.0) | |
| Current | 920 (39.3) | 304 (45.2) | 616 (36.9) | |
| Marijuana use in last year | ||||
| No | 1865 (72.9) | 517 (68.3) | 1348 (74.8) | <.001 |
| Yes | 694 (27.1) | 240 (31.7) | 454 (25.2) | |
| Injection of drugs in last year | ||||
| No | 2516 (98.3) | 743 (98.2) | 1773 (98.3) | .67 |
| Yes | 43 (1.7) | 14 (1.9) | 29 (1.6) | |
| Seen healthcare provider since last visit | ||||
| No | 349 (15.0) | 180 (27.0) | 169 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Yes | 1971 (85.0) | 488 (73.1) | 1483 (89.8) | |
| Seen psychiatrist or counselor since last visit | ||||
| No | 1379 (70.0) | 340 (69.7) | 1039 (70.1) | .87 |
| Yes | 592 (30.0) | 148 (30.3) | 444 (29.9) | |
| HIV care in last 6 moe | ||||
| No | 177 (10.8) | NA | 177 (10.8) | |
| Yes | 1470 (89.3) | NA | 1470 (89.3) | |
| HIV RNA <200 copies/mLe | ||||
| No | 244 (15.2) | NA | 244 (15.2) | |
| Yes | 1358 (84.8) | NA | 1358 (84.8) | |
| CD4 >200 cells/µLe | ||||
| No | 112 (6.9) | NA | 112 (6.9) | |
| Yes | 1502 (93.1) | NA | 1502 (93.1) | |
| ART usee | ||||
| No | 147 (8.2) | NA | 147 (8.2) | |
| Yes | 1655 (91.8) | NA | 1655 (91.8) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; WIHS, Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance, defined as p < 0.05.
Percentages are column percentages unless otherwise noted and may not total 100 due to rounding.
χ2 test performed for categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non–normally distributed continuous variables, and t tests for normally distributed continuous variables.
Health insurance, AIDS Drug Assistance Program, and/or Ryan White Program.
As defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score ≥16.
Among women with HIV only.