Table 2.
Association Between HIV Status, Participant Characteristics, and Current Substance Use Among Women's Interagency HIV Study Participants in Crude and Adjusted Regression Models (N = 2559)
| Participant Characteristics | Current Substance Use (n = 367), No. (%)a | No Current Substance Use (n = 2192), No. (%)a | Odds of Current Substance Use (Within Past Year) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 137 (37.3) | 620 (28.3) | REF | REF |
| Positive | 230 (62.7) | 1572 (71.7) | 0.66 (.53–.83) | 0.75 (.56–.995) |
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 53.0 (8.5) | 51.5 (9.6) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) b | 1.13 (.95–1.34)b |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 247 (67.3) | 1588 (72.5) | 0.78 (.62–.99) | 0.61 (.45–.83) |
| Other | 120 (32.7) | 604 (27.6) | REF | REF |
| WIHS region | ||||
| New York | 83 (22.6) | 645 (29.4) | 0.76 (.57–1.03) | 1.30 (.87–1.94) |
| Washington, D.C. | 26 (7.1) | 289 (13.2) | 0.53 (.34–.83) | 0.82 (.48–1.41) |
| California | 84 (22.9) | 270 (12.3) | 1.85 (1.35–2.52) | 2.23 (1.48–3.36) |
| Illinois | 52 (14.2) | 264 (12.0) | 1.17 (.82–1.67) | 1.37 (.89–2.11) |
| South | 122 (33.2) | 724 (33.0) | REF | REF |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/partner | 93 (26.4) | 530 (27.5) | 0.95 (.73–1.22) | … |
| Not married/no partner | 259 (73.6) | 1395 (72.5) | REF | … |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| ≤High school graduation | 250 (69.8) | 1273 (64.3) | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) | 0.67 (.49–.92) |
| >High school graduation | 108 (30.2) | 708 (35.7) | REF | REF |
| Employed (full- or part-time) | ||||
| No | 300 (84.0) | 1173 (59.2) | 3.62 (2.69–4.87) | 1.96 (1.34–2.85) |
| Yes | 57 (16.0) | 807 (40.8) | REF | REF |
| Annual household income | ||||
| ≤$24 000 | 302 (88.1) | 1311 (69.3) | 3.27 (2.33–4.60) | 1.51 (.998–2.29) |
| >$24 000 | 41 (12.0) | 582 (30.7) | REF | REF |
| Health insurancec | ||||
| No | 28 (8.0) | 80 (4.1) | 2.05 (1.31–3.20) | … |
| Yes | 323 (92.0) | 1889 (95.9) | REF | … |
| Ever jailed or incarcerated | ||||
| No | 86 (23.4) | 1361 (62.1) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 281 (76.6) | 831 (37.9) | 5.35 (4.14–6.92) | 2.50 (1.81–3.45) |
| Ever reported physical abuse | ||||
| No | 176 (48.0) | 1421 (64.8) | REF | … |
| Yes | 191 (52.0) | 771 (35.2) | 2.0 (1.60–2.50) | … |
| Ever reported sexual abuse | ||||
| No | 235 (64.0) | 1646 (75.1) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 132 (36.0) | 546 (24.9) | 1.69 (1.34–2.14) | 0.92 (.68–1.26) |
| Ever had sex for drugs, money, shelter | ||||
| No | 129 (36.0) | 1379 (69.6) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 229 (64.0) | 602 (30.4) | 4.07 (3.21–5.15) | 2.35 (1.74–3.16) |
| Depressive symptomsd | ||||
| No | 188 (53.9) | 1425 (72.6) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 161 (46.1) | 539 (27.4) | 2.26 (1.79–2.86) | 1.40 (1.05–1.86) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Abstain | 152 (43.2) | 1090 (55.3) | REF | REF |
| 0–7 drinks/wk | 105 (29.8) | 741 (37.6) | 1.02 (.78–1.33) | 1.29 (.95–1.77) |
| >7 drinks/wk | 95 (27.0) | 140 (7.1) | 4.87 (3.57–6.64) | 3.79 (2.59–5.55) |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | 28 (7.8) | 675 (34.0) | REF | REF |
| Former | 54 (15.1) | 664 (33.5) | 1.96 (1.23–3.13) | 0.81 (.48–1.37) |
| Current | 276 (77.1) | 644 (32.5) | 10.33 (6.90–15.47) | 3.84 (2.42–6.10) |
| Marijuana use in past year | ||||
| No | 176 (48.0) | 503 (23.0) | REF | … |
| Yes | 191 (52.0) | 1689 (77.1) | 3.64 (2.90–4.58) | … |
| Seen healthcare provider since last visit | ||||
| No | 67 (19.1) | 282 (14.3) | REF | … |
| Yes | 284 (80.9) | 1687 (85.7) | 0.71 (.53–.95) | … |
| Seen psychiatrist or counselor since last visit | ||||
| No | 240 (68.4) | 1488 (75.6) | REF | … |
| Yes | 111 (31.6) | 481 (24.4) | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | … |
| HIV care in last 6 moe | ||||
| No | 36 (16.5) | 141 (9.9) | REF | … |
| Yes | 182 (83.5) | 1288 (90.1) | 0.55 (.37–.82) | … |
| HIV RNA <200 copies/mLe | ||||
| No | 56 (27.2) | 185 (13.3) | 2.43 (1.72–3.43) | … |
| Yes | 150 (72.8) | 1205 (86.7) | REF | … |
| CD4 >200 cells/µLe | ||||
| No | 21 (9.9) | 91 (6.5) | 1.58 (.96–2.61) | … |
| Yes | 191 (90.1) | 1311 (93.5) | REF | … |
| ART usee | ||||
| No | 26 (11.3) | 121 (7.7) | 1.53 (.98–2.39) | … |
| Yes | 204 (88.7) | 1451 (92.3) | REF | … |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; WIHS, Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance, defined as p < 0.05.
Percentages are column percentages unless otherwise noted and may not total 100 due to rounding.
Ten-year increments.
Health insurance, AIDS Drug Assistance Program, and/or Ryan White Program.
As defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score ≥16.
Among women with HIV only. A separate adjusted model among women with HIV only was also performed, and these results are reported in the text.