Table 4.
Association Between HIV Status, Participant Characteristics, and Substance Use Treatment Utilization in the Past Year Among Women's Interagency HIV Study Participants With Current Substance Use in Crude and Adjusted Regression Models (n = 367)
| Participant Characteristics | Substance Use Treatment Utilization (Within the Past Year) | Odds of Substance Use Treatment Utilization (Within the Past Year) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU Treatment (n = 155), No. (%)a | No SU Treatment (n = 212), No. (%)a | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 62 (40.0) | 75 (35.4) | REF | REF |
| Positive | 93 (60.0) | 137 (64.6) | 0.82 (.54–1.26) | 0.57 (.31–1.04) |
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 54.2 (8.1) | 52.1 (8.7) | 1.34 (1.05–1.73) b | 0.90 (.64–1.29)b |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 90 (58.1) | 157 (74.1) | 0.49 (.31–.76) | 0.66 (.37–1.18) |
| Other | 65 (41.9) | 55 (25.9) | REF | REF |
| WIHS region | ||||
| New York | 57 (36.8) | 26 (12.3) | 9.44 (4.93–18.05) | 4.65 (2.00–10.79) |
| Washington, D.C. | 7 (4.5) | 19 (9.0) | 1.59 (.60–4.22) | 1.55 (.49–4.92) |
| California | 33 (21.3) | 51 (24.1) | 2.79 (1.48–5.23) | 2.56 (1.19–5.52) |
| Illinois | 35 (22.6) | 17 (8.0) | 8.86 (4.25–18.50) | 6.41 (2.75–14.93) |
| South | 23 (14.8) | 99 (46.7) | REF | REF |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/partner | 40 (27.2) | 53 (25.9) | 1.07 (.66–1.73) | … |
| Not married/no partner | 107 (72.8) | 152 (74.2) | REF | … |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| ≤High school | 111 (74.0) | 139 (66.8) | 1.41 (.89–2.25) | … |
| >High school | 39 (26.0) | 69 (33.2) | REF | … |
| Employment (full- or part-time) | ||||
| No | 132 (88.0) | 168 (81.2) | 1.70 (.93–3.11) | … |
| Yes | 18 (12.0) | 39 (18.8) | REF | … |
| Annual household income | ||||
| ≤$24 000 | 126 (86.9) | 176 (88.9) | 0.83 (.43–1.60) | … |
| >$24 000 | 19 (13.1) | 22 (11.1) | REF | … |
| Health insurancec | ||||
| No | 6 (4.1) | 22 (10.7) | 0.36 (.14–.90) | 0.43 (.13–1.38) |
| Yes | 140 (95.9) | 183 (89.3) | REF | REF |
| Ever jailed or incarcerated | ||||
| No | 36 (23.2) | 50 (23.6) | REF | … |
| Yes | 119 (76.8) | 162 (76.4) | 1.02 (.63–1.66) | … |
| Ever reported physical abuse | ||||
| No | 78 (50.3) | 98 (46.2) | REF | … |
| Yes | 77 (49.7) | 114 (53.8) | 0.85 (.56–1.29) | … |
| Ever reported sexual abuse | ||||
| No | 105 (67.7) | 130 (61.3) | REF | … |
| Yes | 50 (32.3) | 82 (38.7) | 0.76 (.49–1.17) | … |
| Ever had sex for drugs, money, shelter | ||||
| No | 54 (36.0) | 75 (36.1) | REF | … |
| Yes | 96 (64.0) | 133 (63.9) | 1.00 (.65–1.55) | … |
| Depressive symptomsd | ||||
| No | 84 (57.5) | 104 (51.2) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 62 (42.5) | 99 (48.8) | 0.78 (.51–1.19) | 0.95 (.55–1.64) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Abstain | 94 (64.0) | 58 (28.3) | REF | REF |
| 0–7 drinks/week | 31 (21.1) | 74 (36.1) | 0.26 (.15–.44) | 0.35 (.19–.66) |
| >7 drinks/week | 22 (15.0) | 73 (35.6) | 0.19 (.10–.33) | 0.24 (.12–.48) |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | 6 (4.0) | 22 (10.6) | REF | REF |
| Former | 23 (15.3) | 31 (14.9) | 2.72 (.95–7.79) | 2.40 (.66–8.37) |
| Current | 121 (80.7) | 155 (74.5) | 2.86 (1.13–7.28) | 3.35 (1.07–10.45) |
| Marijuana use in past year | ||||
| No | 104 (67.1) | 72 (34.0) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 51 (32.9) | 140 (66.0) | 0.25 (.16–.39) | 0.31 (.18–.54) |
| Seen healthcare provider since last visit | ||||
| No | 23 (15.8) | 44 (21.5) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 123 (84.3) | 161 (78.5) | 1.46 (.84–2.55) | 1.10 (.52–2.33) |
| Seen psychiatrist or counselor since last visit | ||||
| No | 89 (61.0) | 151 (73.7) | REF | REF |
| Yes | 57 (39.0) | 54 (26.3) | 1.79 (1.14–2.82) | 2.46 (1.34–4.50) |
| HIV care in last 6 moe | ||||
| No | 9 (10.6) | 27 (20.3) | REF | … |
| Yes | 76 (89.4) | 106 (79.7) | 2.15 (.96–4.83) | … |
| HIV RNA <200 copies/mLe | ||||
| No | 18 (22.5) | 38 (30.2) | 0.67 (.35–1.29) | … |
| Yes | 62 (77.5) | 88 (69.8) | REF | … |
| CD4 >200 cells/µLe | ||||
| No | 7 (8.5) | 14 (10.8) | 0.77 (.30–2.01) | … |
| Yes | 75 (91.5) | 116 (89.2) | REF | … |
| ART usee | ||||
| No | 9 (9.7) | 17 (12.4) | 0.76 (.32–1.78) | … |
| Yes | 84 (90.3) | 120 (87.6) | REF | … |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; SU, substance use; WIHS, Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance, defined as p < 0.05.
Percentages are column percentages unless otherwise noted and may not total 100 due to rounding.
Ten-year increments.
Health insurance, AIDS Drug Assistance Program, and/or Ryan White Program.
As defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression score ≥16.
Among women with HIV only. A separate adjusted model among women with HIV only was also performed, and these results are reported in the text.