. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 12.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Cardiol. 2017 Aug 30;120(11):1980–1984. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.08.015

Table 3.

Risk of atrial fibrillation by P-wave axis stratified by race and sex, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 1987–2012

	Normal PWA	aPWA	p-value
Male, HR (95% CI)^*^,†	1 (REF)	2.13 (1.86–2.45)	<0.0001
Female, HR (95% CI)^*^,†	1 (REF)	2.58 (2.24–2.97)	<0.0001
Sex Interaction			0.07
Black, HR (95% CI)^*^,†	1 (REF)	1.89 (1.48–2.40)	<0.0001
White, HR (95% CI)^*^,†	1 (REF)	2.46 (2.21–2.74)	<0.0001
Race Interaction			0.10

Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, current smoking, use of anti-hypertensive medication, diabetes, and history of myocardial infarction or heart failure.

^†

Covariates were updated until the development of aPWA, censoring, or atrial fibrillation development, whichever occurred first.

aPWA = abnormal P Wave axis; PWA = P-Wave axis; HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; REF = Reference.