Table 3.
Characteristics of the full cohort (n=40 555) and bivariate analyses of patients with and without a clinical diagnosis of heart failure. Data are reported in the form of mean (standard deviation for quantitative variables and n [%] for categorical variables. ∗Classified by Veterans Administration National Drug Formulary Categories. EGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure.
| Variable | Full cohort (n=40,555) | Clinical HF diagnosis (n=3,698) | No clinical HF diagnosis (n=36,857) | Standardised difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 62 (12) | 68 (120) | 61 (11) | 0.59 |
| Surgical duration (min) | 218 (126) | 223 (126) | 217 (126) | 0.05 |
| Height (cm) | 170 (11) | 171 (11) | 170 (11) | 0.06 |
| Weight (kg) | 87 (23) | 90 (25) | 87 (23) | 0.15 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 30 (7) | 31 (8) | 30 (7) | 0.13 |
| Baseline MAP (mm Hg) | 97 (13) | 96 (15) | 97 (13) | –0.11 |
| Baseline heart rate (beats min−1) | 75 (14) | 75 (15) | 75 (14) | –0.01 |
| Baseline ventilatory frequency (bpm) | 17 (2) | 17 (2) | 17 (2) | 0.19 |
| Baseline SpO2 (%) | 97 (2) | 96 (2) | 97 (2) | –0.17 |
| Preoperative EGFR (L min−1 1.73 m−2) | 80 (24) | 64 (28) | 81 (23) | –0.68 |
| Preoperative glucose (mg dl−1) | 108 (35) | 118 (43) | 107 (34) | 0.29 |
| Preoperative haemoglobin (g dl−1) | 13.3 (2) | 12.2 (2.2) | 13.4 (1.9) | –0.56 |
| Preoperative platelet count (K μl−1) | 245 (81) | 225 (87) | 247 (80) | –0.26 |
| Preoperative sodium level (mEq L−1) | 140 (3) | 139 (4) | 140 (3) | –0.26 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 20667 (51.0) | 2201 (59.5) | 18466 (50.1) | 0.19 |
| Female | 19886 (49.0) | 1497 (40.5) | 18389 (49.9) | |
| Race | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 903 (2.2) | 63 (1.7) | 840 (2.3) | 0.15 |
| Black, not of Hispanic origin | 2918 (7.2) | 392 (10.6) | 2526 (6.9) | |
| Unknown/Other | 1503 (3.7) | 105 (2.8) | 1398 (3.8) | |
| White, not of Hispanic origin | 35231 (86.9) | 3138 (84.9) | 32093 (87.1) | |
| ASA physical status classification | ||||
| 1 | 765 (1.9) | 2 (0.1) | 763 (2.1) | 1.14 |
| 2 | 15417 (38) | 167 (4.5) | 15250 (41.4) | |
| 3 | 22639 (55.9) | 2758 (74.6) | 19881 (54) | |
| 4 | 1709 (4.2) | 768 (20.8) | 941 (2.6) | |
| Emergent surgery | ||||
| Emergent | 2580 (6.4) | 420 (11.4) | 2160 (5.9) | 0.20 |
| Primary procedural service | ||||
| General | 7253 (17.9) | 550 (14.9) | 6703 (18.2) | 0.52 |
| Otolaryngology | 5666 (14) | 395 (10.7) | 5271 (14.3) | |
| Urology | 4905 (12.1) | 359 (9.7) | 4546 (12.3) | |
| Orthopaedics | 4570 (11.3) | 451 (12.2) | 4119 (11.2) | |
| Neurosurgery | 4124 (10.2) | 278 (7.5) | 3846 (10.4) | |
| Thoracic | 2409 (5.9) | 238 (6.4) | 2171 (5.9) | |
| Trauma | 1953 (4.8) | 253 (6.8) | 1700 (4.6) | |
| Obstetrics/gynaecology | 1707 (4.2) | 91 (2.5) | 1616 (4.4) | |
| Vascular | 1622 (4) | 416 (11.3) | 1206 (3.3) | |
| Plastics | 1596 (3.9) | 59 (1.6) | 1537 (4.2) | |
| Ophthalmology | 1568 (3.9) | 124 (3.4) | 1444 (3.9) | |
| Oral/maxillofacial | 1484 (3.7) | 117 (3.2) | 1367 (3.7) | |
| Transplant | 1067 (2.6) | 201 (5.4) | 866 (2.4) | |
| Dentistry | 334 (0.8) | 20 (0.5) | 314 (0.9) | |
| Other/Unknown | 297 (0.7) | 146 (4) | 151 (0.4) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 22225 (54.8) | 3142 (85) | 19083 (51.8) | 0.76 |
| Cancer | 14643 (36.1) | 1195 (32.3) | 13448 (36.5) | –0.09 |
| Diabetes | 7980 (19.7) | 1442 (39) | 6538 (17.7) | 0.49 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 7868 (19.4) | 1240 (33.5) | 6628 (18) | 0.36 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 7565 (18.7) | 1856 (50.2) | 5709 (15.5) | 0.80 |
| Hypothyroidism | 5366 (13.2) | 646 (17.5) | 4720 (12.8) | 0.13 |
| Renal failure | 5054 (12.5) | 1436 (38.8) | 3618 (9.8) | 0.72 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4414 (10.9) | 1544 (41.8) | 2870 (7.8) | 0.86 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 3194 (7.9) | 1058 (28.6) | 2136 (5.8) | 0.63 |
| Liver disease | 2594 (6.4) | 388 (10.5) | 2206 (6) | 0.16 |
| Coagulopathy | 2054 (5.1) | 476 (12.9) | 1578 (4.3) | 0.31 |
| Valvular disease | 1721 (4.2) | 695 (18.8) | 1026 (2.8) | 0.53 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 1476 (3.6) | 610 (16.5) | 866 (2.4) | 0.5 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1374 (3.4) | 295 (8) | 1079 (2.9) | –0.86 |
| Year of surgery | ||||
| 2015 | 4727 (11.7) | 441 (11.9) | 4286 (11.6) | 0.04 |
| 2016 | 10361 (25.6) | 923 (25) | 9438 (25.6) | |
| 2017 | 10541 (26) | 933 (25.2) | 9608 (26.1) | |
| 2018 | 10616 (26.2) | 967 (26.2) | 9649 (26.2) | |
| 2019 | 4310 (10.6) | 434 (11.7) | 3876 (10.5) | |
| Home medications∗ | ||||
| BL110 – Anticoagulants | 3765 (9.3) | 1086 (29.4) | 2679 (7.3) | 0.60 |
| BL117 – Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 1542 (3.8) | 434 (11.7) | 1108 (3) | 0.34 |
| CN101 – Opioids | 4400 (10.9) | 538 (14.6) | 3862 (10.5) | 0.12 |
| CN103 – Non-opioid analgesics | 21490 (53) | 2811 (76) | 18679 (50.7) | 0.54 |
| CV100 – Beta blockers | 11159 (27.5) | 2517 (68.1) | 8642 (23.5) | 1.00 |
| CV150 – Alpha blockers | 3524 (8.7) | 528 (14.3) | 2996 (8.1) | 0.20 |
| CV200 – Calcium channel blockers | 7062 (17.4) | 1007 (27.2) | 6055 (16.4) | 0.26 |
| CV250 – Anti-anginals | 1812 (4.5) | 656 (17.7) | 1156 (3.1) | 0.49 |
| CV300 – Anti-arrhythmics | 2219 (5.5) | 474 (12.8) | 1745 (4.7) | 0.29 |
| CV350 – Anti-lipaemics | 15850 (39.1) | 2344 (63.4) | 13506 (36.6) | 0.56 |
| CV701 – Thiazide diuretics | 6661 (16.4) | 548 (14.8) | 6113 (16.6) | –0.05 |
| CV702 – Loop diuretics | 3216 (7.9) | 1471 (39.8) | 1745 (4.7) | 0.93 |
| CV704 – Potassium-sparing diuretics | 1860 (4.6) | 496 (13.4) | 1364 (3.7) | 0.35 |
| CV800 – ACE inhibitors | 8713 (21.5) | 1121 (30.3) | 7592 (20.6) | 0.22 |
| CV805 – Angiotensin II inhibitors | 4832 (11.9) | 695 (18.8) | 4137 (11.2) | 0.21 |
| HS851 – Thyroid supplements | 6397 (15.8) | 718 (19.4) | 5679 (15.4) | 0.11 |
| RE102 – Inhaled bronchodilators | 6377 (15.7) | 915 (24.7) | 5462 (14.8) | 0.25 |
| Lowest preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction | ||||
| Hyperdynamic (≥70%) | 14 (2.7) | 3 (1.3) | 11 (4) | –1.89 |
| Missing or normal (50–69%) | 290 (56.8) | 54 (22.8) | 236 (86.1) | |
| Mild dysfunction (40–49%) | 46 (9) | 29 (12.2) | 17 (6.2) | |
| Moderate dysfunction (30–39%) | 72 (14.1) | 64 (27) | 8 (2.9) | |
| Severe dysfunction (<30%) | 89 (17.4) | 87 (36.7) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Preoperative diastolic dysfunction | ||||
| Normal or missing | 287 (56.2) | 66 (27.9) | 221 (80.7) | –1.25 |
| Present (any grade) | 224 (43.8) | 171 (72.2) | 53 (19.3) | |