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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 12.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2021 Oct 8;15(10):16542–16551. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06130

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

LCTEM of FF self-assembly. FF monomers were added to deionized water, placed in the liquid-cell, heated at 80 °C for 1 h and allowed to cool to room temperature for 30 min. (A) Chemical structure of FF monomer. (B) Dry state TEM of FF assemblies. (C) Time lapsed LCTEM snapshots of FF nanotube growth acquired with an instantaneous flux of 0.3 e− Å−2 s−1 (continuous imaging). Structural damage is observed as the cumulative fluence reaches 9 e− Å−2. (D) LCTEM snapshots of FF nanotube growth captured by a time lapse of 10 s interval with a flux of 0.5 e− Å−2 s−1 (pulsed imaging). (E) Length of FF nanotube as a function of time illustrates the linearity in the elongation of FF nanotubes captured by continuous imaging and pulsed imaging. The error bars represent the average and 1 σ of three independent measurements. (F) Schematic illustration of FF monomers association and dissociation events leading to the growth of nanotubes.