Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population. Continuous variables are given as median (interquartile ranges in parentheses). Categorial variables are given as percentages and frequencies in parentheses. LVEF and renal function cut-offs were chosen according to EuroScore2 cut-offs
| No frailty (n = 112) |
Frailty (n = 127) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 80 (74–85) | 85 (80–89) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 44% (49) | 42% (53) | 0.75 |
| Reason for hospitalization | – | – | 0.912 |
| Heart failure | 50% (55) | 50% (64) | – |
| Other cardiologic diseases | 14% (15) | 12% (15) | – |
| Other causes | 37% (41) | 38% (49) | – |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Mitral regurgitation | – | – | 0.45 |
| Moderate | 71% (80) | 67% (85) | – |
| Severe | 29% (32) | 33% (42) | – |
| Vena contracta—mm | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–8) | 0.39 |
| LVEDD—mm | 49 (42,5–57) | 50 (44–59) | 0.45 |
| Left atrial size—cm2 | 28 (23–35) | 30 (25–35) | 0.61 |
| LVEF | – | – | 0.61 |
| Preserved (≥ 50%) | 46% (51) | 43% (54) | – |
| Mildly reduced (41–49%) | 25% (28) | 22% (28) | – |
| Reduced (≤ 40%) | 29% (33) | 35% (45) | – |
| Aortic stenosis | – | – | 0.98 |
| Absent | 81% (91) | 79% (100) | – |
| Mild | 5% (6) | 6% (8) | – |
| Moderate | 6% (7) | 6% (8) | – |
| Severe | 7% (8) | 8% (10) | – |
| Comorbidities | |||
| EuroSCORE2 | 5.9% (6.4%) | 6.8% (8.5%) | 0.37 |
| Coronary artery disease | 33% (37) | 22% (28) | 0.057 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17% (19) | 24% (30) | 0.20 |
| Insulin-dependent | 4% (4) | 6% (8) | 0.34 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 71% (79) | 70% (89) | 0.94 |
| Extracardiac arteriopathy | 22% (25) | 35% (44) | 0.036 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 5% (6) | 6% (7) | 0.96 |
| Chronic lung disease | 16% (18) | 15% (19) | 0.81 |
| NYHA classification | – | – | 0.57 |
| I | 45% (50) | 43% (55) | – |
| II | 14% (16) | 15% (19) | – |
| III | 26% (29) | 20% (26) | – |
| IV | 15% (17) | 21% (27) | – |
| CCS class 4 angina | 5% (6) | 6% (7) | 0.96 |
| Recent myocardial infarction—within 90 days | 2% (2) | 0% (0) | 0.13 |
| Renal function (GFR) | – | – | 0.37 |
| Normal (> 85 ml/min) | 22% (25) | 17% (21) | – |
| Moderately impaired (50–85 ml/min) | 54% (60) | 53% (67) | – |
| Severely impaired (< 50 ml/min) | 24% (27) | 31% (39) | – |
CCS Canadian Cardiovascular Society, GFR glomerular filtration rate, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, PISA proximal isovelocity surface area