Figure 1. Overview of the research paradigm.

Listeners undergoing EEG (data from Di Liberto et al., 2020) or MEG measurement (novel data acquired for the current study) were presented with naturalistic music synthesized from MIDI files. To model melodic expectations, we calculated note-level surprise and uncertainty estimates via three computational models reflecting different internal models of expectations. We estimated the regression evoked response or temporal response function (TRF) for different features using time-resolved linear regression on the M|EEG data, while controlling for low-level acoustic factors.