Table 1.
Patient Characteristics of COVID-19 Inpatient Decedents by English Proficiency Status
| Total deaths (n = 337) | English proficient (n = 248) | LEP (n = 89) | p Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), years | 77.5 (68.0–87.3) | 77.3 (67.8–88.0) | 77.9 (68.9–85.4) | 0.59 |
| Male | 194 (57.6) | 147 (59.3) | 47 (52.8) | 0.29 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 217 (64.4) | 193 (77.8) | 24 (27.0) | |
| Black | 58 (17.2) | 36 (14.5) | 22 (24.7) | |
| Asian | 9 (2.7) | 2 (0.8) | 7 (7.9) | |
| Otherb | 38 (11.3) | 9 (3.6) | 29 (32.6) | |
| Unknown | 15 (4.5) | 8 (3.2) | 7 (7.9) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 53 (15.7) | 13 (5.2) | 40 (45.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 261 (77.5) | 217 (87.5) | 44 (49.4) | |
| Unknown | 23 (6.8) | 18 (7.3) | 5 (5.6) | |
| Primary language | <0.001 | |||
| English | 248 (73.6) | 248 (100.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Spanish | 44 (13.1) | 0 (0) | 44 (49.4) | |
| Haitian Creole | 14 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 14 (15.7) | |
| Russian | 11 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 11 (12.4) | |
| Portuguese | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Italian | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Chinese-Cantonese | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Vietnamese | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Portuguese Creole | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Khmer | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) | |
| French | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Tagalog | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Somali | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Polish | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Insurance | <0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 213 (63.2) | 182 (73.4) | 31 (34.8) | |
| Medicaid | 32 (9.5) | 17 (6.9) | 15 (16.9) | |
| Private | 25 (7.4) | 18 (7.3) | 7 (7.9) | |
| Self-pay | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Dual coverage | 60 (17.8) | 26 (10.5) | 34 (38.2) | |
| Other | 4 (1.2) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Religion | 0.002 | |||
| Christian | 248 (73.6) | 178 (71.8) | 70 (78.7) | |
| Muslim | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Jewish | 24 (7.1) | 18 (7.3) | 6 (6.7) | |
| Buddhist | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Otherc | 46 (13.7) | 42 (16.9) | 4 (4.5) | |
| Unknown | 13 (3.9) | 8 (3.2) | 5 (5.6) | |
| Weightd | 0.70 | |||
| Obese (35 > BMI ≥ 30) | 57 (17.3) | 43 (17.8) | 14 (16.1) | |
| Morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 35) | 41 (12.5) | 32 (13.2) | 9 (10.3) | |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | |||
| Positive historye | 143 (42.4) | 127 (51.2) | 16 (17.9) | |
| Never smoker | 129 (38.3) | 81 (32.7) | 48 (53.9) | |
| Unknown | 65 (19.3) | 40 (16.1) | 25 (28.1) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 105 (31.2) | 84 (33.9) | 21 (23.6) | 0.07 |
| CHF | 97 (28.8) | 79 (31.9) | 18 (20.2) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 268 (79.5) | 198 (79.8) | 70 (78.7) | 0.81 |
| COPD or asthma | 88 (26.1) | 73 (29.4) | 15 (16.9) | 0.02 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 160 (47.5) | 125 (50.4) | 35 (39.3) | 0.07 |
| Cirrhosis | 11 (3.2) | 9 (3.6) | 2 (2.3) | 0.73 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 150 (44.5) | 104 (41.9) | 46 (51.7) | 0.11 |
| Active malignancy | 32 (9.5) | 23 (9.3) | 9 (10.1) | 0.82 |
| Dementia | 132 (39.2) | 98 (39.5) | 34 (38.2) | 0.83 |
| MOLST on admission | <0.001 | |||
| DNR/DNI | 80 (23.7) | 72 (29.0) | 8 (9.0) | |
| Full code | 43 (12.8) | 36 (14.5) | 7 (7.9) | |
| Partial DNR | 12 (3.6) | 12 (4.8) | 0 (0) | |
| None | 202 (60.0) | 128 (51.6) | 74 (83.2) |
Data are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Univariable comparison using Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test when cell counts were <5 for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.
Includes American Indian and Other.
Includes Not Affiliated, No preference, or Other.
Weight data for eight patients are missing.
Includes former and current smokers.
BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DNR, do-not-resuscitate, DNI, do-not-intubate; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IQR, interquartile range; LEP, limited English proficiency; MOLST, medical order for life-sustaining treatment.