TABLE 2.
Association of discretionary income and better than average health per income level after controlling for social determinants of health and sociodemographic factors
| Model 1 | Less $15,000 | $15,000 to $24,999 | $35,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 to $74,999 | $75,000 or more | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | |
|
Discretionary income (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
|
Yes |
0.12 (0.07 to 0.17) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.13) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.12) | <0.001 |
| Race and ethnicity (Ref: Non‐Hispanic, White) | ||||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic, Black | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.14) | 0.039 | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.09) | 0.147 | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.122 | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) | 0.387 | −0.11 (−0.17 to −0.04) | 0.001 |
| Non‐Hispanic, Asian | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.15) | 0.938 | 0.01 (−0.13 to 0.15) | 0.915 | −0.29 (−0.44 to −0.14) | <0.001 | −0.01 (−0.16 to 0.15) | 0.946 | −0.13 (−0.21 to −0.05) | 0.002 |
| Non‐Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan native | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.21) | 0.325 | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.11) | 0.837 | −0.10 (−0.33 to 0.13) | 0.393 | −0.13 (−0.30 to 0.04) | 0.133 | −0.06 (−0.35 to 0.23) | 0.675 |
| Hispanic | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.04) | 0.382 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | 0.018 | 0.00 (−0.09 to 0.10) | 0.954 | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.08) | 0.561 | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03) | 0.23 |
| Non‐Hispanic, Other race | −0.07 (−0.14 to 0.01) | 0.108 | 0.07 (−0.05 to 0.18) | 0.253 | −0.07 (−0.19 to 0.05) | 0.235 | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.10) | 0.919 | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | 0.391 |
| Age group (References 18–24 ) | ||||||||||
| 25 to 34 | −0.15 (−0.25 to −0.04) | 0.007 | −0.12 (−0.20 to −0.04) | 0.004 | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.04) | 0.26 | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.144 | −0.09 (−0.15 to −0.03) | 0.004 |
| 35 to 44 | −0.28 (−0.39 to −0.18) | <0.001 | −0.19 (−0.28 to −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.01) | 0.066 | −0.14 (−0.22 to −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.10 (−0.15 to −0.04) | <0.001 |
| 45 to 54 | −0.30 (−0.40 to −0.20) | <0.001 | −0.29 (−0.38 to −0.21) | <0.001 | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.20 (−0.28 to −0.12) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.07) | <0.001 |
| 55 to 64 | −0.36 (−0.46 to −0.27) | <0.001 | −0.31 (−0.39 to −0.24) | <0.001 | −0.18 (−0.27 to −0.09) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.35 to −0.21) | <0.001 | −0.14 (−0.19 to −0.09) | <0.001 |
| 65 to 74 | −0.26 (−0.37 to −0.16) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.35 to −0.20) | <0.001 | −0.16 (−0.25 to −0.07) | 0.001 | −0.19 (−0.26 to −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.13 (−0.19 to −0.08) | <0.001 |
| 75 or older | −0.22 (−0.33 to −0.10) | <0.001 | −0.21 (−0.29 to −0.13) | <0.001 | −0.16 (−0.26 to −0.07) | 0.001 | −0.20 (−0.28 to −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.19 (−0.26 to −0.12) | <0.001 |
| Male (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.08) | 0.083 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00) | 0.028 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00) | 0.037 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | 0.011 | −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04) | <0.001 |
| Married (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.445 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.325 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.349 | 0.03 (0.0 to 0.07) | 0.083 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.449 |
| Employed (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.10) | 0.096 | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.14) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09) | <0.001 |
| College (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.06 to 0.14) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) | 0.018 | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.14) | <0.001 |
| Insured (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | 0.732 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.722 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.06) | 0.69 | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.01) | 0.095 | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04) | 0.375 |
| Length of time since last routine checkup (Ref: Within past year) | ||||||||||
| Less than 2 years | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04) | 0.392 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.09) | 0.243 | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.09) | 0.53 | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.1) | 0.089 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.121 |
| 2 or more years | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.798 | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.07) | 0.559 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08) | 0.578 | 0.04 (−0.02 to 0.10) | 0.155 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.378 |
| Could not see doctor because of cost (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.118 | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.13) | 0.005 | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.15) | 0.006 | 0.18 (0.13 to 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.13) | 0.006 |
| Personal doctor or health care provider (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | 0.086 | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.04) | 0.649 | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.02) | 0.148 | −0.05 (−0.1 to 0.01) | 0.08 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.406 |
| Safe neighborhood (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.28 | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) | 0.286 | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.19) | 0.035 | 0.16 (0.04 to 0.28) | 0.01 | 0.08 (−0.02 to 0.19) | 0.103 |
Note: Only models with adequate specification based on the link test option (_hat, p < 0.05; _hatsq = p > 0.05) in Stata and a variance inflation factor (VIF) of less than 10 were included in the results.
Abbreviations: AME, average marginal effects; CI, confidence interval.