TABLE 3.
Association of discretionary income and better than average health per income level after controlling for social determinants of health, sociodemographic factors, chronic health conditions, and perspectives and experiences of respondents regarding specific aspects of their health
| Model 2 | Less $15,000 | $15,000 to $24,999 | $25,000 to $34,999 | $35,000 to $49,999 | $75,000 or more | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | AME (95% CI) | p‐value | |
| Discretionary income (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.12) | 0.008 | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.003 | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.11) | 0.002 | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.1) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.08) | <0.001 |
| Race and ethnicity (Ref: Non‐Hispanic, White) | ||||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic, Black | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.07) | 0.585 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.24 | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.142 | −0.1 (−0.17 to −0.03) | 0.005 | −0.13 (−0.2 to −0.07) | <0.001 |
| Non‐Hispanic, Asian | −0.01 (−0.17 to 0.15) | 0.907 | −0.08 (−0.21 to 0.05) | 0.214 | −0.16 (−0.34 to 0.02) | 0.077 | −0.32 (−0.46 to −0.17) | <0.001 | −0.18 (−0.26 to −0.09) | <0.001 |
| Non‐Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan native | 0.10 (−0.04 to 0.25) | 0.16 | −0.03 (−0.17 to 0.11) | 0.695 | −0.24 (−0.36 to −0.12) | <0.001 | −0.02 (−0.2 to 0.15) | 0.792 | 0.06 (−0.21 to 0.33) | 0.679 |
| Hispanic | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) | 0.465 | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.14 (−0.22 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.05) | 0.455 | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.02) | 0.177 |
| Non‐Hispanic, Other race | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.05) | 0.351 | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) | 0.505 | −0.15 (−0.31 to 0.02) | 0.077 | −0.06 (−0.17 to 0.04) | 0.235 | −0.03 (−0.11 to 0.06) | 0.558 |
| Age group (References 18–24 ) | ||||||||||
| 25 to 34 | −0.08 (−0.16 to 0.00) | 0.064 | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | 0.044 | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | 0.69 | −0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05) | 0.341 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.01) | 0.016 |
| 35 to 44 | −0.15 (−0.23 to −0.06) | 0.001 | −0.12 (−0.2 to −0.04) | 0.004 | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.01) | 0.092 | −0.08 (−0.17 to 0.01) | 0.076 | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 0.004 |
| 45 to 54 | −0.15 (−0.23 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.18 (−0.26 to −0.10) | <0.001 | −0.10 (−0.2 to 0.00) | 0.057 | −0.15 (−0.24 to −0.06) | 0.001 | −0.09 (−0.14 to −0.03) | 0.002 |
| 55 to 64 | −0.22 (−0.29 to −0.14) | <0.001 | −0.20 (−0.27 to −0.13) | <0.001 | −0.10 (−0.2 to 0.00) | 0.056 | −0.11 (−0.2 to −0.03) | 0.008 | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 0.004 |
| 65 to 74 | −0.17 (−0.26 to −0.09) | <0.001 | −0.21 (−0.28 to −0.13) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.25 to −0.04) | 0.008 | −0.09 (−0.18 to −0.01) | 0.034 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 0.008 |
| 75 or older | −0.13 (−0.22 to −0.03) | 0.008 | −0.14 (−0.21 to −0.06) | 0.001 | −0.12 (−0.23 to −0.01) | 0.028 | −0.11 (−0.2 to −0.02) | 0.017 | −0.08 (−0.15 to −0.02) | 0.014 |
| Male (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.428 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | 0.011 | −0.06 (−0.1 to −0.02) | 0.004 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.02) | 0.003 | −0.09 (−0.11 to −0.06) | <0.001 |
| Married (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.04 (−0.1 to 0.01) | 0.118 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.712 | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.852 | 0 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.872 | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | 0.177 |
| Employed (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.02) | 0.308 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.106 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.09) | 0.229 | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.488 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.51 |
| College (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.13) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.14 (0.10 to 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.07 to 0.14) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.12) | <0.001 |
| Insured (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | 0.538 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.756 | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | 0.733 | 0 (−0.06 to 0.07) | 0.945 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.534 |
| Length of time since last routine checkup (Ref: Within past year) | ||||||||||
| Less than 2 years | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | 0.297 | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.07) | 0.619 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.649 | 0 (−0.06 to 0.06) | 0.946 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.556 |
| 2 or more years | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.07) | 0.652 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.7 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) | 0.507 | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.73 | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.832 |
| Could not see doctor because of cost (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.06) | 0.79 | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.003 | 0.05 (0.00 to 0.11) | 0.057 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.515 | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.498 |
| Personal doctor or health care provider (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.73 | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.899 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.544 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.05) | 0.828 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.68 |
| Safe neighborhood (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.818 | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | 0.269 | 0.08 (−0.02 to 0.18) | 0.118 | 0.07 (−0.02 to 0.16) | 0.144 | 0.02 (−0.09 to −0.13) | 0.757 |
| Depressive (Ref: No) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | 0.544 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.2 | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) | 0.143 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.02) | 0.164 | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) | <0.001 |
| Asthma (Ref: No) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.01) | 0.019 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.03) | 0.367 | −0.07 (−0.14 to −0.01) | 0.021 | −0.07 (−0.14 to −0.01) | 0.029 | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02) | 0.001 |
| COPD (Ref: No) | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | 0.021 | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.05) | <0.001 | −0.10 −(−0.19 to −0.01) | 0.024 | −0.20 (−0.28 to −0.12) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.07) | <0.001 |
| Cancer (Ref: No) | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | 0.227 | −0.14 (−0.2 to −0.09) | <0.001 | −0.13 (−0.2 to −0.05) | 0.001 | −0.13 (−0.18 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.08) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis (Ref: No) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.477 | −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.04) | <0.001 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.03) | 0.002 | −0.1 (−0.14 to −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.13 to −0.08) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (Ref: No) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.07) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.03 −to 0.08) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.14) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10) | <0.001 |
| Poor physical health days (Ref: None) | ||||||||||
| 1 to 14 days | −0.13 (−0.18 to −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.19 to −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.10 (−0.14 to −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.15 to −0.10) | <0.001 |
| 15 to 30 days | −0.26 (−0.32 to −0.20) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.33 to −0.23) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.36 to −0.21) | <0.001 | −0.32 (−0.37 to −0.26) | <0.001 | −0.43 (−0.48 to −0.37) | <0.001 |
| Poor mental health days (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| 1 to 14 days | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.02) | 0.166 | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.357 | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.00) | 0.047 | −0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01) | 0.012 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.02) | <0.001 |
| 15 to 30 days | −0.14 (−0.20 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.1 (−0.15 to −0.04) | 0.001 | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.23 to −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.17 to −0.05) | 0.001 |
| Difficulty making decisions (Ref: No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) | 0.213 | −0.06 (−0.12 to 0.00) | 0.046 | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.133 | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.07) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.07) | <0.001 |
Note: Only models with adequate specification based on the link test option (_hat, p < 0.05; _hatsq = p > 0.05) in Stata and a variance inflation factor (VIF) of less than 10 were included in the results.
Abbreviations: AME, average marginal effects; CI, confidence interval.