Model 3	Less $15,000		$15,000 to $24,999		$25,000 to $34,999		$35,000 to $49,999		$50,000 to $74,999		$75,000 or more
	AME (95% CI)	p‐value	AME (95% CI)	p‐value	AME (95% CI)	p‐value	AME (95% CI)	p‐value	AME (95% CI)	p‐value	AME (95% CI)	p‐value
Discretionary income (Ref: No)
Yes	0.09 (0.04 to 0.14)	<0.001	0.08 (0.04 to 0.12)	<0.001	0.1 (0.06 to 0.15)	<0.001	0.09 (0.05 to 0.13)	<0.001	0.06 (0.03 to 0.10)	<0.001	0.07 (0.04 to 0.09)	<0.001
Race and ethnicity (Ref: Non‐Hispanic, White)
Non‐Hispanic, Black	0.04 (−0.02 to 0.11)	0.187	−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04)	0.762	−0.04 (−0.11 to 0.04)	0.321	−0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00)	0.045	0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06)	0.982	−0.13 (−0.19 to −0.07)	<0.001
Non‐Hispanic, Asian	−0.03 (−0.16 to 0.1)	0.614	−0.05 (−0.18 to 0.07)	0.416	−0.13 (−0.31 to −0.05)	0.163	−0.31 (−0.45 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.2 to 0.07)	0.368	−0.15 (−0.24 to −0.07)	<0.001
Non‐Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan native	0.1 (−0.06 to 0.25)	0.22	0.01 (−0.13 to 0.14)	0.898	−0.25 (−0.37 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.03 (−0.2 to 0.15)	0.747	−0.11 (−0.27 to 0.06)	0.195	0.05 (−0.25 to 0.34)	0.757
Hispanic	−0.03 (−0.09 to 0.04)	0.412	−0.11 (−0.16 to −0.05)	<0.001	−0.14 (−0.21 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07)	0.675	−0.09 (−0.19 to 0.01)	0.071	−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.03)	0.222
Non‐Hispanic, Other race	−0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05)	0.378	0.05 (−0.06 to 0.15)	0.379	−0.13 (−0.33 to 0.08)	0.225	−0.05 (−0.16 to 0.07)	0.446	−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.1)	0.889	−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.07)	0.589
Age group (Ref: 18–24 )
25 to 34	−0.09 (−0.18 to 0.00)	0.048	−0.08 (−0.16 to 0.00)	0.045	0.01 (−0.09 to 0.10)	0.881	−0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05)	0.367	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03)	0.293	−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01)	0.017
35 to 44	−0.2 (−0.29 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.14 (−0.22 to −0.06)	0.001	−0.07 (−0.17 to 0.03)	0.154	−0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03)	0.175	−0.09 (−0.17 to −0.01)	0.021	−0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02)	0.007
45 to 54	−0.2 (−0.29 to −0.11)	<0.001	−0.2 (−0.28 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02)	0.106	−0.13 (−0.23 to −0.04)	0.007	−0.13 (−0.21 to −0.06)	0.001	−0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02)	0.005
55 to 64	−0.26 (−0.34 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.2 (−0.28 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.03)	0.176	−0.09 (−0.17 to 0.00)	0.055	−0.17 (−0.24 to −0.09)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.12 to −0.01)	0.031
65 to 74	−0.17 (−0.27 to −0.07)	0.001	−0.17 (−0.24 to −0.09)	<0.001	−0.1 (−0.19 to 0.00)	0.062	−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.04)	0.297	−0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02)	0.171	−0.04 (−0.1 to 0.02)	0.175
75 or older	−0.13 (−0.24 to −0.03)	0.011	−0.11 (−0.19 to −0.02)	0.011	−0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02)	0.117	−0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03)	0.193	−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.02)	0.124	−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02)	0.132
Male (Ref: No)
Yes	0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06)	0.359	−0.05 (−0.09 to −0.02)	0.003	−0.06 (−0.1 to −0.02)	0.006	−0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02)	0.003	−0.06 (−0.1 to −0.03)	<0.001	−0.08 (−0.11 to −0.06)	<0.001
Married (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03)	0.346	0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04)	0.768	0 (−0.05 to 0.04)	0.982	0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05)	0.685	0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05)	0.504	−0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02)	0.652
Employed (Ref: No)
Yes	0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05)	0.925	0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)	0.004	0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)	0.022	0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.15	0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07)	0.294	0.03 (0 to 0.06)	0.041
College (Ref: No)
Yes	0.09 (0.04 to 0.13)	<0.001	0.09 (0.05 to 0.12)	<0.001	0.13 (0.09 to 0.17)	<0.001	0.11 (0.07 to 0.15)	<0.001	0.06 (0.02 to 0.09)	0.003	0.1 (0.07 to 0.14)	<0.001
Insured (Ref: No)
Yes	0.01 (−0.06 to 0.07)	0.82	−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04)	0.682	−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04)	0.441	−0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05)	0.723	−0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02)	0.124	−0.04 (−0.1 to 0.03)	0.269
Length of time since last routine checkup (Ref: Within past year)
Less than past 2 years	−0.05 (−0.11 to 0.02)	0.181	0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07)	0.456	0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10)	0.479	0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06)	0.997	0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07)	0.528	0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04)	0.546
2 or more years	0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06)	0.889	−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04)	0.676	−0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04)	0.518	00.00 (−0.06 to 0.06)	0.963	0.01 (−0.05 to 0.06)	0.782	0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04)	0.824
Could not see doctor because of cost (Ref: No)
Yes	0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06)	0.367	0.05 (0.00 to 0.1)	0.049	0.08 (0.03 to 0.13)	0.002	0.05 (0.01 to 0.10)	0.024	0.12 (0.07 to 0.17)	<0.001	0.04 (−0.01 to 0.09)	0.097
Personal doctor or health care provider (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03)	0.374	0.01 (−0.05 to 0.06)	0.802	−0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04)	0.435	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.04)	0.57	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.04)	0.574	0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04)	0.912
Safe neighborhood (Ref: No)
Yes	0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08)	0.574	−0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06)	0.825	0.09 (−0.01 to 0.19)	0.066	0.10 (0.01 to 0.19)	0.023	0.13 (0.02 to 0.24)	0.017	0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16)	0.22
Depressive (Ref: No)	−0.09 (−0.14 to −0.04)	<0.001	−0.11 (−0.15 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.12 (−0.17 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.13 (−0.18 to −0.08)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.19 to −0.11)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.18 to −0.12)	<0.001
Asthma (Ref: No)	−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02)	0.007	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03)	0.374	−0.09 (−0.15 to −0.03)	0.006	−0.09 (−0.15 to −0.02)	0.012	−0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01)	0.018	−0.07 (−0.10 to −0.03)	<0.001
COPD (Ref: No)	−0.13 (−0.2 to −0.06)	<0.001	−0.17 (−0.23 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.24 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.26 (−0.34 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.23 (−0.3 to −0.16)	<0.001	−0.17 (−0.24 to −0.10)	<0.001
Cancer (Ref: No)	−0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02)	0.125	−0.16 (−0.22 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.14 (−0.21 to −0.06)	<0.001	−0.14 (−0.2 to −0.08)	<0.001	−0.22 (−0.28 to −0.16)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.20 to −0.11)	<0.001
Arthritis (Ref: No)	−0.06 (−0.11 to −0.02)	0.006	−0.13 (−0.17 to −0.09)	<0.001	−0.12 (−0.16 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.19 to −0.11)	<0.001	−0.16 (−0.19 to −0.12)	<0.001	−0.16 (−0.18 to −0.13)	<0.001
Diabetes (Ref: No)	0.06 (0.03 to 0.09)	<0.001	0.05 (0.03 to 0.07)	<0.001	0.07 (0.04 to 0.10)	<0.001	0.12 (0.09 to 0.15)	<0.001	0.10 (0.08 to 0.12)	<0.001	0.09 (0.07 to 0.11)	<0.001

Note: Only models with adequate specification based on the link test option (_hat, p < 0.05; _hatsq = p > 0.05) in Stata and a variance inflation factor (VIF) of less than 10 were included in the results.

Abbreviations: AME, average marginal effects; CI, confidence interval.