TABLE 1.
Patient demographics and outcomes by social need
| Variables | All (n = 118,215) | With social need (≥1 Z‐code) (n = 1019) | No Z‐code (n = 117,196) | p‐value for difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, SD) | 62.0 (±15.3) | 53.1 (±19.3) | 62.1 (±15.2) | <0.001 |
| <=18 yo (n, %) | 1491 (1.3%) | 81 (7.9%) | 1410 (1.2%) | <0.001 |
| Sex (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 60,234 (51.0%) | 624 (61.2%) | 59,610 (50.9%) | |
| Male | 57,958 (49.0%) | 395 (38.8%) | 57,563 (49.1%) | |
| Unknown | 23 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 23 (0.0%) | |
| Race (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| White | 81,508 (68.9%) | 503 (49.4%) | 81,005 (69.1%) | |
| Black | 31,718 (26.8%) | 482 (47.3%) | 31,236 (26.7%) | |
| Other | 4989 (4.2%) | 34 (3.3%) | 4955 (4.2%) | |
| Insurance status (n, %) | ||||
| Uninsured/unknown | 59,564 (50.4%) | 367 (36.0%) | 59,197 (50.5%) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 28,310 (23.9%) | 342 (33.6%) | 27,968 (23.9%) | |
| Private | 30,341 (25.7%) | 310 (30.4%) | 30,031 (25.6%) | |
| # of Hospitalizations (mean, SD) | 4.1 (±6.0) | 9.4 (±12.4) | 4.0 (±5.9) | <0.001 |
| Zip‐code level household income (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| <$50,000 | 52,993 (48.4%) | 596 (61.3%) | 52,397 (48.2%) | |
| $50,000–$100,000 | 54,054 (49.3%) | 366 (37.6%) | 56,635 (49.0%) | |
| $100,000+ | 2535 (2.3%) | 11 (1.1%) | 2600 (2.2%) | |
| Zip‐code level unemployment rate (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 0–4 | 60,384 (55.0%) | 409 (41.9%) | 59,975 (55.1%) | |
| 4–20 | 49,303 (44.9%) | 566 (58.0%) | 48,737 (44.8%) | |
| 20–100 | 146 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 145 (0.1%) | |
| Prediabetes (A1C 5.7–6.4%) | 52,065 (44.0%) | 475 (46.6%) | 51,590 (44.0%) | 0.1 |
| Diabetes (A1C ≥ 6.5%) | 66,150 (56.0%) | 544 (53.4%) | 65,606 (56.0%) | 0.1 |
| Obesity (n, %) | 41,122 (34.8%) | 483 (47.4%) | 40,639 (34.7%) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease (n, %) | 42,467 (35.9%) | 384 (37.7%) | 42,083 (35.9%) | 0.3 |
| Average number of Z‐codes | NA | 2.1 | NA | NA |