Fig. 4.

The effect of glucose content in cell-culture medium on cell viability and inflammation. a Cellular viability of untreated control cells in no glucose medium (noG) was significantly lowered when compared to high-glucose medium (HG) or normal medium conditions (DF12). b 10 µg/ml LPS or 100 µM phloretin (PHL) exposure had little effect on cell viability in the different culture media. c–e A 1 h pretreatment with 100 µM phloretin (PHL) significantly reduced the 10 µg/ml LPS-induced secretion of VEGF (c), IL-6 (d) or IL-8 (e) in all studied media. Data are combined from three independent experiments with three or four parallels per experiment and are represented as mean ± SEM. ns not statistically significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 ****p < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney U-test