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. 2023 Jan 12;6:9. doi: 10.1038/s42004-022-00811-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Properties of bicyclobutanes including bond lengths and angles, the high strain energy of bicyclobutanes in comparison to related structures, and the nature of the highest occupied molecular orbital of bicyclobutanes. B The most important general reactivities of the bicyclobutane scaffold: the addition of polar and radical nucleophiles and electrophiles and the insertion of various one- and two-atom fragments to bridged systems. C The structural classes of compounds that can be prepared from bicyclobutanes. aq axial, eq equatorial, HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital, EWG electron-withdrawing group, Nu nucleophile, El electrophile.