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. 2023 Jan 12;13:601. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27648-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of MMA values in plasma and urine at V3 and V7 in individuals with medium MMA levels in dependence of treatment. MMA values for plasma (nmol/L, left, A and B) and urine samples (µmol/mmol creatine, right, C and D) for placebo (green) and linagliptin (blue) at V3 (top, A and C), and V7 (bottom, B and D). The number of samples in each group is shown at the top right. Statistically significant differences between placebo and linagliptin are indicated (Welch t-test). Data is shown as a box-and-whisker plot and the corresponding kernel density estimation. The data shows a shift of MMA values at V7 to the right (towards higher MMA values) in the Placebo group. The shift is also depicted in median and mean values shown in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. MMA, methylmalonic acid; n.s., not significant; V3, baseline; V7, end of study.