Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline (examination 2) by quartile of serum SLPI.
| Quartile 1 (n = 577) | Quartile 2 (n = 572) | Quartile 3 (n = 574) | Quartile 4 (n = 574) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 59.5 ± 9.3 | 61.9 ± 9.7 | 64.3 ± 9.5 | 66.3 ± 9.9 | < 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.001 | ||||
| Black, n (%) | 126 (21.8) | 135 (23.6) | 130 (22.6) | 162 (28.2) | |
| White, n (%) | 149 (25.8) | 140 (24.5) | 163 (28.4) | 117 (20.4) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 121 (21.0) | 143 (25.0 | 143 (24.9) | 175 (30.5) | |
| Chinese, n (%) | 181 (31.4) | 154 (26.9) | 138 (24.0) | 120 (20.9) | |
| Men, n (%) | 205 (35.5) | 258 (45.1) | 301 (52.4) | 316 (55.1) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 118.6 ± 18.6 | 123.0 ± 20.1 | 126.5 ± 21.6 | 128.1 ± 21.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 69.0 ± 9.7 | 70.2 ± 9.5 | 71.3 ± 10.1 | 71.5 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication n (%) | 183 (31.7) | 199 (34.8) | 243 (42.3) | 298 (51.9) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 27.8 ± 5.9 | 27.9 ± 5.7 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 28.2 ± 5.2 | 0.57 |
| Diabetes mellitus | < 0.001 | ||||
| Normal glucose, n (%) | 404 (70.0) | 403 (70.5) | 394 (68.6) | 346 (60.3) | |
| Impaired fasting glucose, n (%) | 81 (14.0) | 103 (18.0) | 93 (16.2) | 109 (19.0) | |
| Untreated diabetes, n (%) | 13 (2.3) | 11 (1.9) | 21 (3.7) | 19 (3.3) | |
| Treated diabetes, n (%) | 79 (13.7) | 55 (9.6) | 66 (11.5) | 100 (17.4) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2, mean ± SD | 86.6 ± 13.9 | 80.1 ± 14.0 | 76.6 ± 14.4 | 71.4 ± 17.4 | < 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L, median [IQR] | 1.4 [0.6, 3.5] | 1.5 [0.6, 3.9] | 1.7 [0.7, 3.7] | 2.2 [1.0, 4.5] | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 189.0 ± 31.8 | 192.2 ± 34.4 | 192.9 ± 36.0 | 193.8 ± 37.9 | 0.10 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 110.8 ± 28.8 | 114.8 ± 32.1 | 115.2 ± 32.1 | 115.6 ± 32.8 | 0.04 |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never, n (%) | 329 (57.0) | 324 (56.6) | 279 (48.6) | 235 (40.9) | |
| Former, n (%) | 199 (34.5) | 203 (35.5) | 225 (39.2) | 232 (40.4) | |
| Current, n (%) | 49 (8.5) | 45 (7.9) | 70 (12.2) | 107 (18.6) | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 102.0 [72.0, 144.0] | 111.5 [82.0, 156.0] | 118.5 [81.0, 170.8] | 134.0 [96.0, 179.0] | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 91.0 [85.0, 101.0] | 91.0 [86.0, 101.0] | 93.0 [87.0, 101.0] | 95.0 [88.3, 107.0] | < 0.001 |
| Urine albumin:creatinine, median [IQR] | 5.3 [3.2, 9.2] | 5.2 [3.4, 10.2] | 5.7 [3.5, 11.6] | 7.0 [3.7, 18.7] | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, mean ± SD | 65.4 ± 8.8 | 65.0 ± 10.0 | 65.5 ± 10.0 | 65.9 ± 10.7 | 0.58 |
| NT-proBNP, median [IQR] | 36.9 [17.2, 57.4] | 36.8 [17.4, 66.4] | 54.8 [25.9, 89.4] | 47.0 [26.3, 94.9] | 0.007 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T, median [IQR] | 3.0 [3.0, 4.8] | 4.0 [3.0, 6.2] | 4.7 [3.0, 7.2] | 5.7 [3.3, 9.3] | < 0.001 |
| SLPI, pg/mL, median [IQR] | 35,438 [33,031, 37,151] | 41,737 [40,247, 43,213] | 48,225 [46,411, 50,159] | 59,062 [54,870, 65,499] | < 0.001 |
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, NT-proBNP N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide, SLPI secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.