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. 2023 Jan 12;13:646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27901-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viability of hMSC-AT cells in bioprinted scaffolds. Loss of viability over time can be observed in control media, supplemented with HA, and most profoundly, in commercial differentiation medium. Addition of the MWCNTs alone results in a protective or stimulating effect on cells, because the decrease in viability is not observed. Combined with HA, the viability has even increased over 21-day period. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. The statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test (n = 3; additive vs control: ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01 and ^cP < 0.001; timepoint vs timepoint (within particular additive group): *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001).