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. 2023 Jan 12;13:664. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27831-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Earthquake risk in major urban areas in Japan (ranking by order of importance), two-dimensional legend representation of social vulnerability and population exposure to earthquake disaster. The left colour ramp (white/pink) represents 3 levels of social vulnerability while the right color ramp (white/light blue) represents 3 levels of exposure to earthquake disaster. The focus is on the high vulnerability areas with high exposure to earthquake hazard, resulting is high risk area for earthquake disaster. Map generated using ArcGIS Pro 2.9.