Fig. 7. Summary of our result findings in this study. Hypoxia promotes the generation of ROS in GBM cells, and elevated ROS contribute to HIF-1α accumulation and nuclear translocation. HIF-1α upregulates SERPINE1 by binding to the HRE of SERPINE1 promoter, thereby promoting GBM migration and invasion through EMT. ROS may be potential therapeutic targets of GBM. ROS: reactive oxygen species; GBM: glioblastoma; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; SERPINE1: serine protease inhibitor family E member 1; HRE: hypoxia response element; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition.