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. 2023 Jan 12;11(1):e15561. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15561

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© 2023 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Resting pulsatility index (PI) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), calculated as (MCA velocity systole—MCA velocity diastole)/(MCA velocity mean) (panel a). Percent change in mean velocity of the MCA (MV_MCA) in response to hypercapnia in participants with a CKD‐EPI eGFR ≥median (red squares) and < median (purple diamonds) (panel b). Relative cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), calculated as percent change in MV_MCA normalized to absolute change in end‐tidal CO₂ in response to hypercapnia (panel c). Percent change in vascular conductance (VC; MV_MCA/mean arterial pressure) (panel d). Percent change in relative VC, calculated as percent change in VC normalized to absolute change in end‐tidal CO₂ in response to hypercapnia (panel e). Horizontal lines represent mean, vertical lines represent s.d., and squares/diamonds represent individual participants. Comparisons between groups were evaluated by an independent sample t‐test. N = 2 with eGFR ≥ median and n = 1 with eGFR <median missing in panel (c) and (d) due to missing mean arterial pressure.