Table 3.
Summary of Various Complications.
| Outcome | Number of included studies | Heterogeneity | Incidence (events/Total) | R, %R (95% CI) | P effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2, % | P | LLIF+PSF | Only-PSF, % | ||||
| Mechanical complications | |||||||
| Pseudarthrosis | 3 | 0.0 | .556 | 3.7 (3/81) | 17.4 (16/92) | .26 (.08, .79) | .017 |
| PJK/PJF | 8 | 0.0 | .830 | 9.7 (26/267) | 12.0 (32/267) | .90 (.57, 1.43) | .662 |
| Implant failure | 7 | 0.0 | .830 | 9.4 (23/245) | 7.5 (18/241) | 1.41 (.81, 2.44) | .220 |
| Surgical complications | |||||||
| Neurologic deficits | 8 | 0.0 | .820 | 16.4 (44/268) | 8.2 (22/269) | 2.04 (1.27, 3.25) | .003 |
| Dural tears | 4 | 0.0 | .611 | 1.2 (1/87) | 14.4 (14/97) | .16 (.04, .67) | .012 |
| Epidural hematoma | 4 | 0.0 | .399 | 0.6 (1/176) | 4.8 (8/166) | .27 (.08, .96) | .043 |
| Surgical site infection | 7 | 40.6 | .121 | 8.0 (21/263) | 7.8 (21/268) | 1.01 (.58, 1.75) | .971 |
| Systemic complications | |||||||
| Overall | 6 | 0.0 | .514 | 17.6 (35/199) | 22.2 (42/189) | .79 (.53, 1.17) | .232 |
| Cardiopulmonary | 3 | 5.5 | .347 | 3.3 (4/123) | 2.5 (3/122) | 1.29 (.33, 5.13) | .713 |
| DVT/PE | 6 | 0.0 | .719 | 2.5 (5/199) | 3.7 (7/189) | .72 (.26, 2.00) | .529 |
| Gastrointestinal | 4 | 0.0 | .717 | 6.9 (9/131) | 9.5 (12/126) | .71 (.31, 1.63) | .418 |
| Urinary | 2 | 0.0 | .760 | 4.7 (5/107) | 6.6 (7/106) | .73 (.24, 2.21) | .576 |
| CNS events | 3 | 0.0 | .434 | 9.5 (12/127) | 10.3 (13/126) | .84 (.41, 1.73) | .642 |
| Revision | 9 | 20.2 | .264 | 13.4 (38/284) | 17.0 (49/288) | .85 (.59, 1.22) | .377 |
LLIF indicates lateral lumbar interbody fusion; PSF, posterior spinal fusion; PJK/PJF, proximal junctional kyphosis/proximal junctional failure; DVT/PE, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism; CNS, central nervous system; RR, risk ratio.