Figure 60.

(a) Normalized XANES spectra at Ni K-edge at different biases in an aqueous solution of 0.5 MKHCO₃ at room temperature in the presence of 1 atm Argon or CO₂. The enlarged spectra are shown in inset, (b) FT k³-weighted EXAFS spectra, (c) HAADF-STEM image of Ni₁ supported on N-doped graphene, and (d) structural changes in the Ni atom during the CO₂ reduction. ΔD is the displacement of Ni atom out of the plane when it binds to CO₂ and forms a higher oxidation state due to charge transfer. The applied potential was −0.7 V versus RHE. The scale bar in the micrograph is 5 nm. Adapted with permission from ref (406). Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.