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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 21.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Stud Read. 2022 May 21;26(6):527–544. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2022.2077109

Table 1A.

Word List

Contrast 1 Contrast 2 Concreteness Frequency

alligator −0.67 0 4.96 46.4
animal −0.67 0 4.61 62.3
anticipate −0.67 0 1.54 45.8
beastly 0.33 0.5 2.26 39.4
capitalize 0.33 0.5 2.29 41.6
categorize 0.33 −0.5 2.60 34.0
caterpillar −0.67 0 4.87 47.1
classical 0.33 0.5 2.18 48.9
confession 0.33 −0.5 2.40 43.3
confusion 0.33 −0.5 2.24 53.1
congratulate −0.67 0 3.04 40.6
considerate 0.33 0.5 1.92 42.3
convention 0.33 −0.5 3.28 53.0
cultural 0.33 −0.5 2.10 54.7
disloyalty 0.33 0.5 1.50 37.3
edgy 0.33 −0.5 1.87 32.9
elephant −0.67 0 5.00 53.3
entirely 0.33 0.5 1.81 56.7
family −0.67 0 4.23 66.0
finality 0.33 −0.5 1.67 37.6
flowery 0.33 0.5 2.68 39.9
gallery −0.67 0 4.44 47.1
heavenly 0.33 0.5 1.50 47.2
independence 0.33 0.5 1.87 56.3
intensity 0.33 −0.5 2.14 49.0
macaroni −0.67 0 4.97 41.4
magician 0.33 −0.5 4.21 46.3
majority 0.33 −0.5 2.54 56.2
masterful 0.33 0.5 1.93 38.7
metal −0.67 0 4.87 59.3
movement 0.33 0.5 3.63 60.1
mustang −0.67 0 4.89 41.1
natural 0.33 −0.5 1.85 62.7
odorous 0.33 0.5 3.27 31.4
organist 0.33 0.5 4.00 30.1
origin −0.67 0 2.03 53.3
paradise −0.67 0 2.72 46.8
parent −0.67 0 4.56 55.2
pepperoni −0.67 0 5.00 22.1
potato −0.67 0 4.85 51.6
precision −0.67 0 2.41 47.9
pyramid −0.67 0 4.96 50.0
raccoon −0.67 0 4.67 48.2
remember −0.67 0 2.41 63.5
rosy 0.33 −0.5 3.41 45.3
routine −0.67 0 2.70 52.8
salamander −0.67 0 4.70 37.6
secretive 0.33 0.5 2.25 36.3
security 0.33 −0.5 2.82 55.2
showy 0.33 0.5 2.43 38.1
stylish 0.33 −0.5 2.14 41.5
surrender −0.67 0 2.63 48.1
tarantula −0.67 0 4.83 36.6
unworkable 0.33 0.5 1.92 33.9