Table 1.

Analysis of previous ocular assisted robotic surgery studies

Authors/date	Subject	Robot	Result/outcome
Tsirbas et al. [21]	Sutures at the corneal level (porcine model)	Da Vinci surgical robot	Successfully performed. The robotic system provided excellent visualization and controlled and delicate placement of the sutures at the corneal level
Bourges et al. [22]	Confirmed the feasibility of Robot-assisted Penetrating Keratoplasty	Da Vinci surgical robot	Successfully performed on both porcine eyes and human eyes
Ueta et al. [45]	Vitreoretinal surgery (porcine model)	Experimental Prototype robotic system	Surgical outcomes were equally successful in the robotic-surgery and manual-surgery groups
Belyea et al. [58]	Confirmed the feasibility to remotely photocoagulate the ciliary body for the treatment of glaucoma with the diode laser in fresh unoperated enucleated human eyes	Robotic Slave Micromanipulator Unit (RSMU)	Therapeutic tissue disruption of the ciliary body was achieved
Bourcier et al. [24]	Pterygium surgeries in non-living biological pterygium models	DaVinci Si HD	Successful with no intraoperative complications
Bourcier et al. [26]	Amniotic membrane transplantation on three patients	Da Vinci surgical robot	Successful with no intraoperative complications
Chammas et al. [25]	Penetrating Keratoplasty was also successfully performed on human donor	Da Vinci surgical robot	Successfully performed on 12 corneas. The Da Vinci Xi Surgical System provided the necessary dexterity to perform the different surgery steps. The mean duration of the procedures was 43.4 ± 8.9 min (range 28.5–61.1 min)—no unexpected intraoperative events
Bourcier et al. [27]	Cataract surgery was successfully performed on a Kitaro cataract wet-lab training system	Da Vinci Xi	The procedure was successfully performed procedures on 25 lens nuclei. The feasibility of robot-assisted simulated cataract surgery was confirmed. The mean operative time was 26.44 min ± 5.15 (SD)
Edwards et al. [43]	Retinal internal limiting membrane peeling	Robotics- Preceyes’ BV research platform	Surgical outcomes were equally successful in the robotic surgery and manual-surgery groups. Duration time with robotic surgery (median time, 4 min 5 s) than with manual surgery (1 min 20 s)
Bourcier et al. [29]	Simulated strabismus surgery	Da Vinci Xi	With appropriate dexterity, the mean duration to complete the procedure was 27 min (range, 22–35): no complications or unexpected intraoperative events
Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic et al. [32]	Subretinal drug delivery under local anesthesia	Robot-assisted	The time is taken to complete the injection and retinal microtrauma were not clinically significant
Koen Willekens et al. [33]	Robot-assisted retinal vein cannulation with ocriplasmin infusion for central retinal vein occlusion	Robot-assisted	Robot-assisted retinal vein cannulation is feasible and safe. In addition, local, intravenous infusion with Ocriplasmin led to improved retinal circulation
Mads Forslund Jacobsen et al. [68]	Manual and robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgery using a virtual-reality surgical simulator (porcine eyes)	Robot-assisted	Robot-assisted surgery was slower than manual surgery Robot-assisted surgery allowed for greater precision in novices and vitreoretinal surgeons
Franziska Ullrich et al. [34]	Intravitreal therapy	Assistive injection system	Successful, safe and cost effective