Table 2.
Effect of different MPs on the biota of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
| Microplastic type/shape | Organism | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic organisms | |||
| HDPE | Heliopora, Porites, Acropora, and Pocillopora (Hermatypic corals) | Increase of coral susceptibility to stressors and increase in energy demand | Reichert et al. (2019) |
| Microspheres | Aiptasia sp. and Favites chinensis | Disturbs anthozoan-algae symbiosis | Okubo et al. (2018) |
| PE | Sparus aurata | Intestinal distension, liquid accumulation, inflammation, epithelial desquamation | Varó et al. (2021) |
| Pagurus bernhardus (Hermit crabs) | Impairs shell selection and cognition that disrupts essential survival behavior | Crump et al. (2020) | |
| Clarias gariepinus (Catfish) | Reduction in swimming speed and increased opercular beat frequency | Tongo and Erhunmwunse (2022) | |
| Polyester | Amphibians (Host) and Trematodes (parasite) | Reduces infection success when both are exposed to polyester contamination simultaneously | Buss et al. (2021) |
| PP | Dicentrarchus labrax (Sea bass) | Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor- α and perturbations in gut microbiota | Montero et al. (2022) |
| Daphnia magna | Acute toxicity | Jemec Kokalj et al. (2022) | |
| PS/PS-microbeads | Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Yellow catfish) | Expression Inhibition of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α | Li et al. (2021) |
| Mytilus coruscus (Mussel) | Depletion of cellular energy stores like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids | Shang et al. (2021) | |
| Danio rerio (Zebrafish) | Inflammation, increased permeability, microbiota dysbiosis and mucosal damage | Qiao et al. (2019) | |
| Poecilia reticulata (Juvenile guppy) | Impairs digestive performance, induces microbiota dysbiosis, and stimulates immune response | Huang et al. (2020) | |
| Paracentrotus lividus (sea urchin) | Increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species thus inducing stress on immune cells | Murano et al. (2020) | |
| PVC | Carassius auratus (Goldfish) | Liver inflammation, oxidative damage in the brain, and histomorphological changes in the intestine | Romano et al. (2020) |
| Cyprinus carpio var. larvae | Inhibition of weight gain and reduction in malondialdehyde level | Xia et al. (2020) | |
| Terrestrial organisms | |||
| BPA | Sprague–Dawley rats | Perturbations in butanoate, alanine and aspartate metabolism | Mao et al. (2021) |
| PE | Mice | Increase in gut microbiota species and increase of interleukin-1α in serum | Li et al. (2020) |
| Mice | Increase in globulin and albumin levels | Sun et al. (2021) | |
| PE and PVC | Drosophila melanogaster | Changes in fertility and sex ratio | Jimenez-Guri et al. (2021) |
| PET | Achatina fulica (Snail) | Villi damage in gastrointestinal walls and elevation in malondialdehyde levels | Song et al. (2019) |
| Human | Alteration in colonic microbial community | Tamargo et al. (2022) | |
| PP, PVC, PET, and PE | Cucurbita pepo | Root and shoot growth impairment, leaf size, and chlorophyll reduction | Colzi et al. (2022) |
| PS | D. melanogaster | Negative effect on locomotion and intestinal damage | Matthews et al. (2021) |
| Rats | Apoptosis and pyroptosis of granulosa cells | Hou et al. (2021) | |
| Triticum aestivum (Wheat) | Inhibition of wheat root and stem elongation | Liao et al. (2019) | |