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. 2023 Jan 13;13:715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27965-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BECC adjuvants increase binding to conserved HA stalk in young but not aged mice. (a) ELISA (mean) total IgG binding to stalk-only HA. Pooled sera (by group) from day-28 prime-boost vaccinated young adult BALB/c mice vaccinated with 0.04 µg Cal/09 rHA protein in combination with 100 µg alum, 50 µg PHAD, 50 µg BECC438 or 50 µg BECC470 adjuvant. (b) ELISA (mean) total IgG binding to stalk-only HA. Pooled sera from day-28 prime-boost vaccinated aged (12-month-old) BALB/c mice vaccinated with 0.04 µg Cal/09 rHA protein in combination with 100 µg alum, 50 µg PHAD, 50 BECC438 or 50 µg BECC470 adjuvant. (c) AUC (mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer curves of young adult mice in figure (a) above (BECC438 *p = 0.0208 and BECC470 *p = 0.0136). (d) AUC (Mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer curves of aged mice in figure (b) above (ns). (e) AUC (Mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer in aged mice in (d) scaled to young adult mice in (c). (f) ELISA (mean) total IgG binding to HA1-only HA from young adult BALB/c mice pre-infection day-28 serum. (g) ELISA (mean) total IgG binding to HA1-only HA from aged BALB/c mice pre-infection day-28 serum. (h) AUC (mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer curves of young adult BALB/c mice in figure (f) above (BECC438 ***p = 0.0008 and BECC470 ***p = 0.0002). (i) AUC (mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer curves of aged mice in figure (g) above (***p = 0.0005). (j) AUC (mean) of pre-infection total IgG antibody titer in aged mice in (h) scaled to adult mice in (i).