Table 3.
Relationship between characteristics of the respondents and HIV stigmatizing attitudes toward PLWHA
| Characteristics | Weighted % of negative attitudes |
Global indicator for discriminatory attitudes toward PLWHA | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Anticipated stigma
|
Perceived stigma
|
Fear of HIV infection
|
Social judgment
|
Experienced stigma
|
Discrimination
|
|
|||||||
|
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
%
|
P-value
|
|
Gender
|
|
0.639 |
|
0.009* |
|
0.301 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.012* |
|
0.006* |
|
0.307 |
| Male |
78.7 |
|
67.9 |
|
53.7 |
|
30.8 |
|
39.4 |
|
22.8 |
|
47.8 |
|
| Female |
78.3 |
|
65.4 |
|
55.1 |
|
25.8 |
|
42.7 |
|
19.0 |
|
49.4 |
|
|
Age (in years)
|
|
0.077 |
|
0.187 |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
| 20-39 |
78.9 |
|
67.6 |
|
57.6 |
|
24.9 |
|
43.1 |
|
20.0 |
|
50.1 |
|
| 40-49 |
79.5 |
|
66.5 |
|
51.0 |
|
25.3 |
|
36.5 |
|
15.9 |
|
43.9 |
|
| 50-59 |
77.2 |
|
65.5 |
|
53.1 |
|
34.2 |
|
41.8 |
|
25.2 |
|
50.3 |
|
|
Religion
|
|
0.038* |
|
0.031* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
| Buddhist |
78.5 |
|
66.5 |
|
54.0 |
|
27.9 |
|
40.6 |
|
20.4 |
|
48.0 |
|
| Christian |
68.7 |
|
57.6 |
|
48.8 |
|
21.1 |
|
40.5 |
|
19.9 |
|
53.0 |
|
| Islam |
80.8 |
|
71.3 |
|
66.9 |
|
37.3 |
|
52.1 |
|
31.1 |
|
63.2 |
|
|
Marital status
|
|
0.021* |
|
0.488 |
|
0.649 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.002* |
|
0.442 |
|
0.034* |
| Single |
76.5 |
|
66.5 |
|
54.8 |
|
24.1 |
|
39.8 |
|
20.1 |
|
47.0 |
|
| Couple |
79.1 |
|
66.9 |
|
54.5 |
|
29.8 |
|
42.1 |
|
21.1 |
|
49.5 |
|
| Widow/divorced/separated |
78.4 |
|
65.4 |
|
53.0 |
|
25.3 |
|
35.7 |
|
20.1 |
|
45.9 |
|
|
Education
|
|
<0.001* |
|
0.187 |
|
0.056 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.068 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.005* |
| None/primary |
75.8 |
|
66.5 |
|
54.1 |
|
32.9 |
|
41.1 |
|
26.0 |
|
50.2 |
|
| Secondary |
79.7 |
|
67.4 |
|
55.5 |
|
26.4 |
|
41.8 |
|
17.9 |
|
48.4 |
|
| Certificate or higher |
81.7 |
|
64.4 |
|
51.5 |
|
20.8 |
|
38.3 |
|
16.7 |
|
44.9 |
|
|
Monthly income (Thai Baht)
|
|
0.031* |
|
0.822 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.042* |
|
0.102 |
|
0.631 |
|
0.260 |
| <10 000 |
77.7 |
|
66.7 |
|
56.1 |
|
29.2 |
|
41.8 |
|
21.1 |
|
49.3 |
|
| ≥10 000 |
79.6 |
|
66.5 |
|
52.1 |
|
26.7 |
|
40.0 |
|
20.4 |
|
47.8 |
|
|
Living area
|
|
0.479 |
|
0.778 |
|
0.807 |
|
0.003* |
|
0.450 |
|
0.111 |
|
0.298 |
| Urban |
79.0 |
|
66.4 |
|
54.2 |
|
25.6 |
|
40.3 |
|
19.8 |
|
47.7 |
|
| Rural |
78.2 |
|
66.8 |
|
54.5 |
|
29.7 |
|
41.5 |
|
21.4 |
|
49.2 |
|
|
Region
|
|
0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.104 |
|
<0.001* |
| North |
78.3 |
|
57.8 |
|
45.1 |
|
21.4 |
|
36.3 |
|
18.9 |
|
44.1 |
|
| Central |
78.5 |
|
67.4 |
|
51.3 |
|
24.6 |
|
35.1 |
|
19.4 |
|
43.3 |
|
| Northeast |
78.7 |
|
71.5 |
|
59.5 |
|
35.0 |
|
46.9 |
|
21.5 |
|
53.0 |
|
| South |
81.7 |
|
63.0 |
|
59.6 |
|
26.7 |
|
41.8 |
|
24.5 |
|
51.5 |
|
| Bangkok |
73.3 |
|
69.8 |
|
55.5 |
|
29.6 |
|
45.5 |
|
20.8 |
|
53.1 |
|
|
Having an HIV/AIDS-infected relative or acquaintance
|
|
0.142 |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.011* |
|
<0.001* |
| Yes |
79.1 |
|
58.4 |
|
45.0 |
|
19.4 |
|
30.2 |
|
17.3 |
|
39.1 |
|
| No |
78.5 |
|
69.4 |
|
57.5 |
|
30.9 |
|
44.7 |
|
22.0 |
|
51.9 |
|
| Not sure |
71.2 |
|
59.4 |
|
51.2 |
|
33.7 |
|
33.4 |
|
16.9 |
|
38.8 |
|
|
Had previously obtained an HIV test
|
|
<0.001* |
|
0.489 |
|
<0.001* |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.001* |
|
0.005* |
|
<0.001* |
| Yes |
80.6 |
|
66.2 |
|
51.7 |
|
26.5 |
|
39.0 |
|
18.8 |
|
46.4 |
|
| No |
77.0 |
|
66.9 |
|
56.4 |
|
29.4 |
|
42.5 |
|
22.3 |
|
50.3 |
|
|
Reason for HIV testing
|
|
0.060 |
|
<0.001* |
|
0.020* |
|
0.028* |
|
0.049* |
|
0.103 |
|
0.012* |
| Risky behavior |
85.2 |
|
76.2 |
|
58.4 |
|
34.8 |
|
39.5 |
|
18.6 |
|
45.0 |
|
| Checkup |
79.0 |
|
63.7 |
|
47.9 |
|
25.8 |
|
36.8 |
|
18.9 |
|
43.9 |
|
| Apply for a job or health insurance |
79.0 |
|
75.5 |
|
52.5 |
|
29.3 |
|
35.9 |
|
13.2 |
|
41.2 |
|
| No reasons given | 81.6 | 65.2 | 53.6 | 25.4 | 41.3 | 19.9 | 49.6 | |||||||
HIV – human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, PLWHA – people living with HIV/AIDS
*Statistically significant.