Vocoded speech stimuli. A, The example response of an RS cell is plotted for one of the six vocoded speech stimuli. The stimulus waveform is shown on top, and the raster and histogram are plotted below. B, Power spectra showing the relative energy across modulation frequencies, for comparison across stimulus sets. The power spectrum calculated from periodic sinusoidal AM stimuli is plotted in orange, and that computed from vocoded speech stimuli is shown in gray. The black line illustrates the modulation power spectrum of a large database of recorded speech (adapted from Figure 3A in Ding et al., 2017).