Table 4.

Proposed solutions to address COVID-19 vaccine-related misinformation.

Framework and meaning		Detailed solutions	No. of articles	Main actors	Targets
Identifying misinformation
	Identifying misinformation through diverse channels	Routine monitoring and fact-checking Investigation	5	Government and health officers	Misinformation
Regulating producers and distributors
	Regulating the source of misinformation	Legislation and national campaign	3	Political power	Sources of misinformation
Cutting production and distribution
	Cutting the circulation of misinformation	Technical response: more effective moderation policies	5	News media, social media	Misinformation
		Economic response: The boycott of harmful content by advertisers	1	News media, social media	Misinformation
		Curatorial response: dissemination of truth to debunk misinformation	4	News media, social media	The public
Supporting the target audiences of misinformation
	Improving target population’s health literacy and helping the public identify misinformation	Tailored intervention to improve health literacy by suggestion, advocacy, and health education	13	Multiple	Different misinformed groups
		Empowerment by public awareness campaigns and credibility warning labels	3	Multiple	The public
Disseminating trustworthy information
	Implementing multitiered strategies to convey the message by multiple media	N/Aa	23	Multiple: public health agencies, medical professionals, religious leaders, etc.	The public

^aN/A: not applicable.