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. 2023 Jan 13;87(12-13):1662–1678. doi: 10.1134/S0006297922120215

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open access.This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3. — Life cycle of coronaviruses. Surface of the virus is coated with the S protein, which interacts with the receptor and activates fusion of the virus with the cell membrane after being cleaved by the cell surface protease (1). Genomic RNA, getting inside the cell, is immediately recognized by the ribosome, and translation of polyproteins and their processing to individual non-structural proteins occurs (2). Formation of the double-membrane vesicles (DMV) occurs in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum with the replication–transcription complex (RTC) assembling in DMV (3). Genomic sense RNA is first converted into the antisense form to form genomic and subgenomic RNAs (4), and then into the sense form of the genomic RNA and subgenomic mRNAs (5). Subgenomic mRNAs are translated in endoplasmic reticulum into structural and accessory proteins (6). Genomic RNA interacts with N protein, forming a nucleocapsid (7), which combines with the structural proteins to form a virion (8). The mature virion (9) is released from the cell by exocytosis (10).