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. 2023 Jan 13;6:47. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04419-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Results of the structural equation model (SEM) fitted to tree density values taking into consideration mean diameter at breast height (MDBH), Net Primary Productivity (NPPc), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and plot size, an exogenous variable included as a statistical controlling factor. Both NPP and CEC depends on latitude and are considered global factors. Solid arrows represent significant effects while dotted arrows denote non-significant relationships. Red arrows represent negative effects whereas black arrows do so for positive effects. All estimates are included in the figure as standardized estimates.