Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jan 13;13:724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27885-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

The MSTM networks (229 nodes and 1,044 edges). Yellow circle: gut microbiota; pink circle: signaling pathway; orange circle: target; violet circle: metabolite. (A) Microbiota. Firmicutes: FM; Fusobacteria: FB; Escherichia coli; E.coli; Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4357: LA; Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: LRGG; Lactobacillus: LB; Dictyostelium discoideum: DD; Enterococcus durans M4-5: ED; Lactobacillus paracasei JS1: LPJS1; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165: FPA; Eubacterium limosum: EL; Enterococcus durans EP1: EDEP1; Enterococcus durans EP2: EDEP2; Enterococcus durans EP3: EDEP3; Lachnospiraceae: LS; Streptococcus salivarius JIM8772: SSJ; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii L2-6: FPL; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M 21/2: FPM; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4541: FPI4541; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4543: FPI4543, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4546: FPI4546; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4573: FPI4573; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4644: FPI4644; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii CNCM I-4575: FPI4575; Bifidobacterium adolescentis: BA; Bacteroides vulgatus: BV; Bacteroides distasonis: BD; Streptococcus salivarius: SS; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: FP; Lactobacillus plantarum L9: LPL9; Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 23,745: BF; Streptococcus salivarius CIP102503: SSC; Akkermansia muciniphila ATCC BAA-835: AMBA; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2 < U + 2013 > 165: FPA2; Akkermansia muciniphila: AM; Eubacterium: EB; Enterococcus: EC; Bifidobacterium: BFB; Bacteroides: BI; Salmonella enterica: SE; Clostridium butyricum ATCC 19,398: CB. (B) Signaling pathways. hsa04620: Toll-like receptor signaling pathway; hsa04657: IL-17 signaling pathway; hsa04933: AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications; hsa04668: TNF signaling pathway; hsa04917: Prolactin signaling pathway; hsa04660: T cell receptor signa;ing pathway; hsa05120: Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection; hsa04722: Neurotrophin signaling pathway; hsa04662: B cell receptor signaling pathway; hsa04370: VEGF signaling pathway; hsa04071: Sphingolipid signaling pathway; hsa04068: FoxO signaling pathway; hsa04919: Thyroid hormone signaling pathway; hsa04064: NF-kappa B signaling pathway; hsa04920: Adipocytokine signaling pathway; hsa04062: Chemokine signaling pathway; hsa04630: JAK-STAT signaling pathway; hsa04926: Relaxin signaling pathway; hsa04622: RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway; hsa04621: NOD-like receptor signaling pathway; hsa04915: Estrogen signaling pathway; hsa04024: cAMP signaling pathway; hsa04910: Insulin signaling pathway; hsa04072: Phospholipase D signaling pathway; hsa04150: mTOR signaling pathway; hsa04912: GnRH signaling pathway; hsa04151: PI3K-Akt signaling pathway; hsa04010: MAPK signaling pathway; hsa04921: Oxytocin signaling pathway; hsa04371: Apelin signaling pathway; hsa04014: Ras signaling pathway; hsa04022: cGMP-PKG signaling pathway; hsa04261: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; hsa04015: Rap1 signaling pathway; hsa04310: Wnt signaling pathway; hsa04550: Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells; hsa04330: Notch signaling pathway. (C) Targets. HDAC5: Histone deacetylase 5; ADRA2B: Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor; HCAR2: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2; ADRB2: Adrenoceptor Beta 2; HDAC3: Histone Deacetylase 3; HDAC2: Histone Deacetylase 2; HDAC1: Histone Deacetylase 1; CTSD: Cathepsin D; IL2: Interleukin 2; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TLR9: Toll-like receptor 9; AKT1: AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; CXCL8: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8; PTGS2: Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2; MAPK8: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; IL6: Interleukin-6; JUN: Jun Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit; GSK3B: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; RELA: RELA Proto-Oncogene, NF-KB Subunit; MAPK14: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; CASP3: Caspase 3; MAPK1: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1. (D) Metabolites. Phenylacetylglutamine: PAG; Naringenin chalcone: NC; Caffeic acid: CA; Phenylacetic acid: PA; Equol: EQ; Dihydroisoferulic acid: DA; 1,3-Diphenylpropan-2-ol: 1,3-D-2; Enterodiol: ETD; 3-Phenylpropionic acid: 3-PA; Pioglitazone: PGZ; Lunularin: LL; 3-Indolepropionic acid: 3-IA; Tretinoin: TN; Phloretin: PR; Icaritin: IR; Secoisolariciresinol: SLS; Apigenin: AG; Luteolin: LTL; Diosmetin: DS; Kaempferol: KP; Genistein: GS; Demethyltexasin: DMT; Quercimeritrin: QCM; Phenylalanine: PLA; Indole-3-lactic acid: I-3-LA; 11-Methoxycurvularin: 11-M; Dihydroresveratrol: DHR; Ethyl phenyllactate, (-)-: EP; Stilbene-3,4-diol: S-3,4-D; (S,R)-1-O-caffeoylglycerol: 1-O-C; Daidzein: DZ; Quercetin: QR; Acacetin: AC; Chrysin: CS; Urolithin A: UA; Indole-3-carboxylic acid: I-3-C; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid: 3,4-DA; Isoquercitrin: IQ; 10-Keto-12Z-octadecenoic acid: 10-K-12-O; Compound K: CK; 3-Methyloxindole: 3M; Oxindole: OI; (20S)-Protopanaxadiol: 20SP; Protopanaxadiol: PPD; Diosgenin: DG; Baohuoside I: BAI; Myricetin: MC; Baicalein: BAC; CHEBI:137478: C13; Levodopa: LD; Butyrate: BT; 10-Oxo-11-octadecenoic acid: 10-O-11-O; Baicalin: BC; Phloretic acid: PHA; HPLA: HP; Glycitein: GC; Dopamine: DP; Iuro-a: IA; Indole-3-acrylic acid: I-3-A; Dihydroglycitein: DHG; Leucocianidol: LCA; Ponciretin: PC; Danshensuan A: DANA; Hesperetin dihydrochalcone: HD; Platycodin D: PD; Didemethylmatairesinol: DMM; D-Mannose: DM; Acetic: AT; Genipin: GN; (+)-p-Hydroxyhydratropic acid: (+)-p–H; 5-HIAA: 5-HI; 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid: 4-HA; Hydroxyquercitrin: HQ; Quercitrin: QC; Acifran: AF; PhlP: PH; Dihydrocaffeic acid: DHDA; AI3-32,395: AI3; luro-a: IA; Serotonin: ST; Glycocholic acid: GCA; Lacto-N-tetraose: LNT; Nicotinic acid: NA; Colibactin: CBC; Palmitic acid: PAA; 8-Prenylnaringenin: 8P; 5-OH-Equol: 5OE; Dihydrogenistein: DHG; Dihydrodaidzein: DHDD; Arctigenin: ATG; Naringenin: NRG; DIF-3: D3; Q51617483: Q5; 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzenepropanoic acid: 3H4A; 5-(Hydroxy-3-indolyl)lactic acid: 5HL; p-Cresol sulfate: p-Cs; Norathyriol: NTR; Phloroglucinol: PRG; Hydroumbellic acid: HDQ; CHEBI:10980: C10; Hydroquinone: HDQ; 5-hydroxyindole-3-lactic acid: 5H3L; 6′-OH-O-Dma: 6OOD; O-Desmethylangolensin: OD; 10-oxo-12Z-octadecenoic acid: 12O; Lithocholic acid: LIA; Ursodeoxycholic acid: URA; Deoxycholic acid: DEA; p-Cresol glucuronide: PCG; Ginsenoside-Rd: GRD; Ginsenoside Rh2: GRH; 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2: 20GR; LNnT: LN; Folic acid: FA; 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone: 5V; Acetoin: ATI; (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate: R3H; (S)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid: S3HA; Isovaleric acid: ISVA; Isobutyric acid: ISBA; Succinate: SC; Valerate: VL; 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid: 4HBA; 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid: 3HBA; 2-Acetoxypropanoic acid: 2APA; D-Glucuronic Acid: DGA.