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. 2022 Oct 22;391(1):173–188. doi: 10.1007/s00441-022-03698-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Serum-free 3D skin maturation is mediated, at least partly, through TGF-β1 signalling. Serum-free 3D-engineered skin was cultured in the presence of either TGFβ1 neutralising or IgG1 control antibodies. a–c The top panel shows haematoxylin and eosin staining on day 5 post keratinocyte seeding, in media alone, media plus isotype control antibody, and TGF-β1 neutralising antibody, respectively. Stratified epidermis was detectable even in the presence of TGF-β1 antibody. d–f Sections were analysed for the presence of Ki67 (a marker for proliferating cells) by immunofluorescence. EPI, epidermis; DERM, dermis; white dotted line, dermal/epidermal junction (scale bar 100 µm). g Ki67.⁺ (%) cells were counted in four fields of view per experiment for statistical analysis. There was significantly less proliferation in serum-free 3D skin in presence of TGF-β1 neutralising antibody compared to the isotype control antibody. Graph represents two independent experiments (* = p ≤ 0.05)