Table 2.

Item mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), and difference (effect size and t) between students’ actual (A) and preferred (P) scores on QTI and OSE for online geography lessons

Scale	M			SD		Difference
	A	P	Diff	A	P	Effect size	t
QTI
Leadership	3.92	4.24	0.32	0.72	0.54	0.34	3.54**
Understanding	4.03	4.39	0.36	0.67	0.52	0.42	4.12**
Helpful/friendly	4.01	4.43	0.42	0.69	0.58	0.50	5.12**
Student responsibility/freedom	2.62	3.09	0.47	0.58	0.72	0.39	5.20**
Uncertain	1.72	1.83	0.11	0.66	0.89	0.11	0.94
Admonishing	2.09	1.92	− 0.17	0.53	0.74	− 0.13	− 1.73
Dissatisfied	1.58	1.60	0.02	0.68	0.81	0.02	0.19
Strict	2.58	2.44	− 0.14	0.57	0.83	− 0.13	− 1.41
OSE
Skills (SE)	3.69	4.18	0.49	0.79	0.66	0.49	4.51**
Emotions (EE)	3.95	4.27	0.32	0.72	0.65	0.38	3.22**
Participation (PTE)	3.82	3.84	0.02	0.76	0.77	0.02	0.21
Performance (PFE)	3.47	4.70	1.23	0.94	0.60	1.46	10.95**

**P < 0.01, n = 99, Average item mean = scale mean divided by the number of items in that scale

Effect size = difference between means divided by the pooled SD

The individual student score was used as the unit of analysis