Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis results that may affect the prognosis (disease-free survival).
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | ||
| The entire cohort | |||||
| Male gender | 0.134 | 1.385 (0.904–2.120) | |||
| Age (years) | 0.707 | 0.995 (0.968–1.022) | |||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | 1.442 (1.184–1.757) | 0.018 | 1.269 (1.042–1.547) | |
| BMI | 0.295 | 1.008 (0.993–1.022) | |||
| Previous tumor history | 0.583 | 1.194 (0.634–2.251) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.135 | 0.502 (0.203–1.239) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.107 | 0.681 (0.427–1.087) | |||
| CHD | 0.111 | 0.552 (0.267–1.145) | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 0.001 | 0.438 (0.265–0.724) | 0.004 | 0.458 (0.268–0.782) | |
| Location | 0.7 | 0.956 (0.759–1.203) | |||
| Type of resection | 0.131 | 2.433 (0.767–7.720) | |||
| Surgical technique | 0.001 | 0.293 (0.147–0.586) | 0.002 | 0.331 (0.162–0.677) | |
| Second predominant subtype group | 0.985 | 0.997 (0.751–1.324) | 0.262 | 0.855 (0.651–1.124) | |
| Tumor size | <0.001 | 1.474 (1.283–1.694) | 0.008 | 1.281 (1.067–1.537) | |
| UICC stage | <0.001 | 1.938 (1.573–2.388) | 0.053 | 1.476 (0.994–2.192) | |
| Nodal status | <0.001 | 1.904 (1.515–2.393) | 0.722 | 1.074 (0.723–1.596) | |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 0.002 | 2.295 (1.363–3.865) | 0.171 | 1.478 (0.845–2.584) | |
| Tumor communicates with bronchus | 0.001 | 2.073 (1.348–3.186) | 0.127 | 1.455 (0.899–2.354) | |
| Tumor thrombus in the vascular lumen | 0.007 | 2.703 (1.304–5.600) | 0.349 | 1.442 (0.671–3.101) | |
| Group 1 | |||||
| Male gender | 0.495 | 1.242 (0.667–2.311) | |||
| Age | 0.812 | 0.995 (0.957–1.035) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.002 | 1.592 (1.192–2.216) | 0.02 | 1.415 (1.056–1.895) | |
| BMI | 0.191 | 1.010 (0.995–1.024) | |||
| Previous tumor history | 0.454 | 1.394 (0.584–3.324) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.082 | 0.172 (0.024–1.251) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.032 | 0.456 (0.223–0.935) | 0.189 | 0.610 (0.292–1.275) | |
| CHD | 0.222 | 0.524 (0.186–1.477) | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 0.001 | 0.320 (0.164–0.632) | 0.028 | 0.249 (0.202–0.912) | |
| Location | 0.88 | 1.026 (0.734–1.434) | |||
| Type of resection | 0.124 | 3.026 (0.736–12.737) | |||
| Surgical technique | 0.067 | 0.381 (0.135–1.070) | |||
| Second predominant subtype group | 0.041 | 1.959 (1.028–3.732) | 0.944 | 0.972 (0.446–2.119) | |
| Tumor size | 0.001 | 1.413 (1.157–1.726) | 0.254 | 1.174 (0.891–1.546) | |
| UICC stage | <0.001 | 2.067 (1.532–2.805) | 0.004 | 2.022 (1.249–3.274) | |
| Nodal status | <0.001 | 1.872 (1.333–2.629) | 0.701 | 0.901 (0.530–1.532) | |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 0.125 | 1.751 (0.856–3.584) | |||
| Tumor communicates with bronchus | 0.097 | 1.753 (0.903–3.402) | |||
| Tumor thrombus in the vascular lumen | 0.058 | 2.722 (0.968–7.654) | |||
| Group 2 | |||||
| Male gender | 0.18 | 1.682 (0.787–3.596) | |||
| Age | 0.769 | 0.993 (0.947–1.041) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.154 | 1.291 (0.909–1.835) | |||
| BMI | 0.283 | 1.065 (0.949–1.196) | |||
| Previous tumor history | 0.468 | 0.586 (0.139–2.478) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.38 | 1.907 (0.451–8.057) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.599 | 1.246 (0.557–2.760) | |||
| CHD | 0.876 | 0.919 (0.317–2.659) | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 0.389 | 0.627 (0.217–1.814) | |||
| Location | 0.517 | 0.889 (0.592–1.336) | |||
| Type of resection | 0.741 | – | |||
| Surgical technique | 0.001 | 0.164 (0.056–0.483) | 0.004 | 0.181 (0.056–0.587) | |
| Second predominant subtype group | 0.434 | 1.169 (0.791–1.728) | 0.473 | 1.168 (0.764–1.787) | |
| Tumor size | 0.042 | 1.408 (1.012–1.960) | 0.16 | 1.334 (0.892–1.994) | |
| UICC stage | 0.001 | 1.844 (1.273–2.669) | 0.885 | 1.068 (0.434–2.632) | |
| Nodal status | 0.001 | 2.012 (1.339–3.024) | 0.319 | 1.587 (0.640–3.931) | |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 0.007 | 4.315 (1.480–12.580) | 0.013 | 4.071 (1.344–12.382) | |
| Tumor communicates with bronchus | 0.094 | 1.908 (0.896–4.061) | |||
| Tumor thrombus in the vascular lumen | 0.1 | 5.350 (0.726–39.443) | |||
| Group 3 | |||||
| Male gender | 0.444 | 0.690 (0.267–1.785) | |||
| Age | 0.836 | 1.006 (0.949–1.067) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.709 | 1.085 (0.707–1.665) | |||
| BMI | 0.166 | 0.892 (0.760–1.048) | |||
| Previous tumor history | 0.095 | 2.954 (0.829–10.524) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.303 | 0.462 (0.106–2.010) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.521 | 0.724 (0.270–1.942) | |||
| CHD | 0.43 | – | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 0.245 | 0.474 (0.135–1.667) | |||
| Location | 0.827 | 0.944 (0.561–1.588) | |||
| Type of resection | 0.369 | 2.556 (0.330–19.819) | |||
| Surgical technique | 0.013 | 0.030 (0.002–0.447) | 0.066 | 0.068 (0.004–1.192) | |
| Second predominant subtype group | 0.317 | 0.615 (0.238–1.592) | 0.29 | 0.568 (0.199–1.619) | |
| tumor size | 0.008 | 1.498 (1.110–2.022) | 0.011 | 1.542 (1.105–2.152) | |
| UICC stage | 0.168 | 1.404 (0.867–2.272) | |||
| Nodal status | 0.244 | 1.353 (0.813–2.249) | |||
| Visceral pleural invasion | 0.324 | 1.756 (0.573–5.378) | |||
| Tumor communicates with bronchus | 0.222 | 1.814 (0.698–4.715) | |||
| Tumor thrombus in the vascular lumen | 0.262 | 2.038 (0.588–7.067) | |||
Group 1 is the low-grade predominant group, which includes lepidic subtypes. Group 2 is the intermediate-grade predominant group, which includes papillary and acinar nodule subtypes. Group 3 is the high-grade predominant group, which includes micropapillary and solid subtypes. CHD, coronary heart disease; BMI, body mass index; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; UICC, International Union Against Cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.