Figure 2. Representative examples of (A) physical integration strategies via electrostatic interactions, (B) chemical engineering strategies via covalent conjugation, (C) biological engineering strategies via genetic editing, and (D) cell membrane coating strategy. Scale bars: 1 μm. Ce6: chlorin e6; DOX: doxorubicin; E. Coli: Escherichia coli; E. Coli(p): Escherichia coli with a plasmid expressing the catalase; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; Ec-PR848: PR848 nanoparticle-load E. Coli; LP: liposome; MTB: magnetotactic bacteria; pDA: polydopamine; PDOX: DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus. A was reprinted with permission from Wei et al.40 Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. B was reprinted with permission from Taherkhani et al.51 Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. C was reprinted from Deng et al.59 Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier Ltd. D was reprinted from Cao et al.45.
