Figure 2. Multi-factors involved in maintaining bone homeostasis. Bone homeostasis is the cornerstone of bone health, created by a dynamic balance between osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and the equilibrium between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, in which mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles play essential roles. PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β. This figure was created using Servier Medical Art templates (https://smart.servier.com).