Table 3. Summary of the role of MSC-EVs in orthopaedic diseases.
| Diseases | Source of EVs | Main contents of EVs | Main mechanism | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OP | BMSCs | lncRNA MALAT1 | Sponge miR-34c, upregulate SATB2 | Alleviates OP | 44 |
| OP | BMSCs | miRNA-150-3p | Promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation | Mitigate OP | 45 |
| OP | BMSCs | GPNMB | Activate Wnt/β-catenin signalling | Alleviate OP | 46 |
| OP | BMSCs | miR-188 | Promote osteogenesis and inhibit adipogenic differentiation | Alleviate OP | 47 |
| OP | BMSCs from OVX mice | miR-214-3p | Inhibit type H vessel formation, and bone mineral density and contents | Aggravate OP | 48 |
| ONFH | GC-treated BMSCs | miR-451 | Increase the level of PAI-1 | Aggravate ONFH | 49, 50 |
| ONFH | BMSCs | miR-122-5p | RTK/Ras/MAPK signalling pathway | Promote ONFH healing | 51 |
| ONFH | hUCMSCs | miR-21 | PTEN-AKT pathway | Promote ONFH healing | 52 |
| OA | SMSCs | Wnt5a and Wnt5b | Activate the YAP signalling pathway | Alleviate OA | 53 |
| OA | Ad-MSCs | Unknown | Inhibit inflammation and MMP activity | Alleviate OA | 54 |
| OA | MSCIPFP | miR-100-5p | Inhibit mTOR signalling | Alleviate OA | 55 |
| OS | Ad-MSCs | Unknown | Promote osteosarcoma cell invasion, migration, and proliferation | Promote OS progression | 56 |
| OS | BMSCs | hsa-miR-148a | Promote OS cell proliferation, metastasis and prevent apoptosis | Promote OS progression | 57 |
| OS | BMSCs | lncRNA MALAT1 | lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143/NRSN2/Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Promote OS progression | 58 |
| OS | BMSCs | miR-206 | miR-206/TRA2B | Suppress OS progression | 59 |
| BF | BMSCs | miR-335 | miR-335/VapB/Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Promoted BF recovery | 60 |
| BF | Aged-BMSCs | miR-128-3p | miR-128-3p/Smad8 pathway | Inhibition of BF healing | 61, 62 |
| BF | BMSCs | miR-126 | SPRED1/Ras/Erk pathway | Promoted BF recovery | 63 |
Note: Ad-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AKT: protein kinase B; BD: bone disease; BF: bone fracture; BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; Erk: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GC: glucocorticoids; GPNMB: glycoprotein nonmelanoma clone B; hUCMSC: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; MALAT1: metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP: matrix metalloprotease; MSC-EVs: mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; MSCIPFP: infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; OA: osteoarthritis; ONFH: osteonecrosis of the femoral head; OP: osteoporosis; OS: osteosarcoma; OVX: ovariectomised; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; Smad8: SMAD family member 8; SMSCs: synovial mesenchymal stem cells; SPRED1: sprouty related EVH1 domain containing 1; TRA2B: transformer 2β; VapB: VAMP associated protein B.