Table 7.

Candidate neuropsychological biomarkers investigated in at least two studies, with at least one positive finding, in relation to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Biomarker	Number of significant effects	Number of non‐significant effects	Direction	Rate of replication (%)
Long‐term memory	2	0	Two decreased	100
Short‐term memory	5	0	Five decreased	100
IQ	6	1	Six decreased	86
Other task accuracy measures	13	2	Thirteen decreased	86
Working memory	20	4	Twenty decreased	83
Sustained attention omission errors	8	2	Eight increased	80
Reaction time variability	17	5	Seventeen increased	77
Ex‐Gaussian sigma	3	1	Three increased	75
Response inhibition commission errors	8	5	Eight increased	62
Interference accuracy (e.g., Stroop test)	5	3	Five decreased	62
Mean reaction time	11	7	Eleven increased	61
Ex‐Gaussian tau	3	2	Three increased	60
Delay aversion	3	2	Three increased	60
Timing task variability	2	2	Two increased	50
Face/emotion recognition accuracy	1	1	One decreased	50
Face/emotion recognition speed	1	1	One decreased	50
Set shifting accuracy	3	5	Three decreased	37.5
Other memory measures	3	7	Three decreased	30
Reaction time frequency measures	4	8	Three increased, one decreased	25
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test accuracy	1	3	One decreased	25